3,084
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘Am I a South Asian, really?’ Constructing ‘South Asians’ in Canada and being South Asian in Toronto

Pages 35-55 | Published online: 08 Oct 2012

References

  • Ahmed, A., 1986. Class and ethnic consciousness among the Bangladeshis in Toronto: historical base and current patterns. Unpublished Master's thesis. York University, Toronto.
  • Allen , J. 1999 . “ Spatial assemblages of power ” . In Human geography today , Edited by: Massey , D. , Allen, , J. and Sarre , P. 200 – 230 . Cambridge : Polity .
  • Allen, J., Massey, D., and Cochrane, A., 1998. Introduction. In: J. Allen, D. Massey, and A. Cochrane, eds. Rethinking the region. London: Routledge, 1–12.
  • AlSayyad, N., 2001. Hybrid culture/hybrid urbanism: Pandora's box of the ‘third place’. In: N. AlSayyad, ed. Hybrid urbanism: on the identity discourse and the built environment. Westport: Praeger, 1–18.
  • Anand , D. 2009 . Diasporic subjectivity as an ethical position . South Asian diaspora , 1 ( 2 ) : 103 – 111 . (doi:10.1080/19438190903109412)
  • Anthias , F. 1999 . Institutional racism, power and accountability . Sociological research outline [online] , 4 ( 1 ) Available from: http://www.socresonline.org.uk [Accessed 31 January 2011]
  • Anthias , F. and Yuval-Davis , N. 1993 . Racialised boundaries , London : Routledge .
  • Appadurai , A. 1993 . “ Number in the colonial imagination ” . In Orientalism and the postcolonial predicament: perspectives on South Asia , Edited by: Breckenridge , C. A. and van der Veer , P. 314 – 340 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Ashutosh , I. 2012 . South Asians in Toronto: geographies of transnationalism, diaspora, and the settling of differences in the city . South Asian diaspora , 4 ( 1 ) : 95 – 109 . (doi:10.1080/19438192.2012.634566)
  • Baker, A., 1977. Metro's Blacks and Asians live in constant fear of racial violence. The Globe and Mail, 29 November.
  • Balakrishnan , T. and Hou , F. 1999 . “ Residential patterns in cities ” . In Immigrant Canada: demographic, economic, and social challenges , Edited by: Halli , S. and Driedger , L. 116 – 147 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
  • Balakrishnan , T. , Maxim , P. and Jurdi , R. 2005 . Residential segregation and socio-economic integration of visible minorities in Canada . Migration letters , 2 ( 2 ) : 126 – 144 .
  • Ballard , R. 1996 . “ The Pakistanis: stability and introspection ” . In The ethnic minority populations of Great Britain, ethnicity in the 1991 census, , Edited by: Peach, ed , C. Vol. 2 , 34 – 67 . London: HMSO .
  • Bauder , H. and Sharpe , B. 2002 . Residential segregation of visible minorities in Canada's gateway cities . The Canadian geographer , 46 ( 3 ) : 204 – 222 . (doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00741.x)
  • Bell, P., 1978. Women's reserve misinterpreted. The Globe and Mail, 8 June, T3.
  • Bhabha , H. 1996 . “ Culture's in-between ” . In Questions of cultural identity , Edited by: Hall , S. and du Gay , P. 53 – 60 . London : Sage .
  • Bhardwaj , S. and Rao , N. M. 1990 . “ Asian Indians in the United States: a geographical appraisal ” . In South Asians overseas , Edited by: Clarke , C. , Peach, , C. and Vertovec , S. 197 – 219 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Bramadat , P. A. 2005 . Toward a new politics of authenticity: ethno-cultural representation in theory and practice . Canadian ethnic studies , 37 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
  • Breckenridge , C. and van der Veer , P. 1993 . Orientalism and the postcolonial predicament perspectives on South Asia , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Buchignani , N. 1987 . “ Research on South Asians in Canada: retrospect and prospect ” . In The South Asian diaspora in Canada: six essays , Edited by: Israel , M. 121 – 136 . Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario .
  • Buchignani , B. , Indra , D. M. and Srivastava , R. 1985 . Continuous journey: a social history of South Asians in Canada , Toronto : McClelland and Stewart Ltd .
  • Clarke , C. , Peach , C. and Vertovec , S. 1990 . South Asians overseas , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Coward , H. , Hinnells , J. R. and Williams , R. B. 2000 . The South Asian religious diaspora in Britain, Canada and the United States , Albany : State University of New York Press .
  • Darden , J. 2004 . The significance of white supremacy in the Canadian Metropolis of Toronto , New York : E. Mellen Press .
  • Dasgupta , T. 1994 . Political economy of race gender and class looking at South Asian women in Canada . Canadian ethnic studies , 26 ( 1 ) : 59 – 73 .
  • Davison , R. B. 1966 . Black British: immigrants to England , London : Oxford University Press .
  • Ferdinands, S., 2002. Sinhalese immigrants in Toronto and their trajectories into home ownership. Unpublished Master's thesis. York University, Toronto.
  • Fernandez , P. 2001 . “ Asian Indian immigration to Canada ” . In Geographical identities of ethnic America: race, space, and place , Edited by: Berry , K. and Henderson , M. 41 – 55 . Reno : University of Nevada Press .
  • Georgiou , M. 2006 . Diaspora, identity and the media: diasporic transnationalism and mediated spatialities , Cresskill : Hampton Press .
  • Ghosh, S., 2006. We are not all the same: the differential migration, settlement patterns, and housing trajectories of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto. Unpublished PhD dissertation. York University, Toronto.
  • Ghosh , S. 2007 . Transnational ties and intra-immigrant group settlement experiences: a case study of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto . GeoJournal , 68 ( 2–3 ) : 223 – 242 . (doi:10.1007/s10708-007-9072-1)
  • Gilroy , P. 2005 . Postcolonial melancholia , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Goldberg , D. 1993 . Racist culture , Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Gordon , P. 1996 . “ The racialisation of statistics ” . In ‘Race’ in Britain today , Edited by: Sekellington , R. 1 – 12 . London : Sage .
  • Gupta , A. and Ferguson , J. 1992 . Beyond culture: space, identity and the politics of difference . Cultural anthropology , 7 ( 1 ) : 6 – 23 . (doi:10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00020)
  • Hall , S. 1996a . “ The question of cultural identity ” . In Modernity: an introduction to modern societies , Edited by: Hall , S. , Held , P. , Hubert, , D. and Thompson , K. 595 – 633 . Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Hall , S. 1996b . “ Cultural identity and cinematic representation ” . In Black British cultural studies: a reader , Edited by: Baker , H.A. Jr. , Diawara , M. and Lindeborg , R. H. 210 – 222 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Hiebert , D. 2000 . “ Ethnicity ” . In The dictionary of human geography , 4 , Edited by: Johnston , R. J. , Gregory , D. , Pratt, , G. and Watts , M. 221 – 222 . Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Hiebert , D. 2009 . Newcomers in the Canadian housing market: a longitudinal study, 2001–2005 . The Canadian geographer , 53 ( 3 ) : 268 – 287 . (doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00263.x)
  • Hyndman , J. 2003 . Aid, conflict and migration: the Canada-Sri Lanka connection . The Canadian geographer , 47 ( 3 ) : 251 – 268 . (doi:10.1111/1541-0064.00021)
  • Israel , M. 1987 . The South Asian Diaspora in Canada: six essays , Toronto : Multicultural Historical Society of Ontario .
  • Israel , M. and Wagle , N. K. 1993 . Ethnicity, identity and migration: the South Asian context , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
  • Kanungo , R. N. 1984 . South Asians in the Canadian mosaic , Montréal : Kala Bharati .
  • Kazemipur , A. and Halli , S. S. 2000 . The new poverty in Canada: ethnic groups and ghetto neighbourhoods , Toronto : Thompson Educational .
  • Keil , R. 2002 . ‘Common sense’ neoliberalism: progressive conservative urbanism in Toronto, Canada . Antipode , 34 ( 3 ) : 578 – 601 . (doi:10.1111/1467-8330.00255)
  • Keyes , C. 1981 . Ethnic change , Seattle , WA : University of Washington Press .
  • Knowles , V. 1997 . Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration and immigration policy, 1540–1997 , Toronto : Dundurn Press .
  • Knowles , V. 2000 . Forging our legacy: Canadian citizenship and immigration, 1900–1977 , Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada .
  • Kobayashi, A., 1993. Representing ethnicity: political statistics. In: Challenges of measuring an ethnic world: science, politics and reality. Proceedings of the Joint Canada-United States Conference on the Measurement of Ethnicity. Statistics Canada and U.S. Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 513–525.
  • Kobayashi , A. and Peake , L. 2002 . Policies and practices for an antiracist geography at the millennium . Professional geographer , 54 ( 1 ) : 50 – 61 . (doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00314)
  • Koshy , S. 1998 . Category crisis: South Asian Americans and questions of race and ethnicity . Diaspora , 7 ( 3 ) : 285 – 320 . (doi:10.1353/dsp.1998.0013)
  • Kurian, G., 1991. South Asians in Canada. International Migration, 29 (3), 421–433.
  • Lele , J. 1993 . “ Orientalism and the social sciences ” . In Orientalism and the postcolonial predicament: perspectives on South Asia , Edited by: Breckenridge , C. A. and van der Veer , P. 45 – 75 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Lewis , M. W. and Wigen , K. 1997 . The myth of continents: a critique of metageography , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Ludden , P. 1993 . “ Orientalist empiricism: transformations of colonial knowledge ” . In Orientalism and the postcolonial predicament: perspectives on South Asia , Edited by: Breckenridge , C. A. and van der Veer , P. 250 – 278 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Madood , T. 1988 . Black racial equality and Asian identity . New community , 14 ( 3 ) : 3 – 42 .
  • Mahtani, M., 2002. Interrogating the hyphen-nation: Canadian multicultural policy and ‘mixed race’ identities. CERIS Working Paper 20.
  • Mohammad-Arif , A. 2001 . “ Relationships between Hindus and Muslims in the United States: Mlecchas versus Kafirs? ” . In Community, empire and migration: South Asians in diaspora , Edited by: Bates , C. 286 – 308 . London : Palgrave .
  • Morning , A. 2001 . The racial self-identification of South Asians in the United States . Journal of ethnic and migration studies , 27 ( 1 ) : 61 – 79 . (doi:10.1080/13691830125692)
  • Murdie , R. A. and Ghosh , S. 2010 . Does spatial concentration always mean a lack of integration? Exploring ethnic concentration and integration in Toronto . Journal of ethnic and migration studies , 36 ( 2 ) : 293 – 311 . (doi:10.1080/13691830903387410)
  • Nagel , J. 1994 . Constructing ethnicity: creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture . Social problems , 41 ( 1 ) : 152 – 176 . (doi:10.2307/3096847)
  • Naidoo , J. 1978 . Perceptions of South Asian women in Canadian context , Washington , DC : ERIC Clearinghouse .
  • Oliveira, L., 2004. Housing trajectories into homeownership: a case study of Punjabi Sikh immigrants in the Toronto CMA. Unpublished Master's thesis. Department of Geography, York University, Toronto.
  • Ollman , P. 1998 . Why dialectics? Why now? . Science & society , 62 ( 3 ) : 338 – 357 .
  • Palat , R. A. 2000 . Beyond orientalism: decolonizing Asian Studies . Development and society , 31 ( 2 ) : 105 – 136 .
  • Palat , R. A. 2002 . Is India part of Asia? . Society and space , 20 ( 6 ) : 669 – 691 .
  • Patel , D. 2006 . “ The Maple Neem nexus: transnational links of South Asian Canadians ” . In Transnational identities and practices in Canada , Edited by: Satzewich , V. and Wong , L. 155 – 163 . Vancouver : UBC Press .
  • Peach , C. 1996 . Does Britain have ghettos? . Transactions of the institute of British geographers , 21 ( 1 ) : 216 – 235 . (doi:10.2307/622934)
  • Peach , C. 1998 . South Asian and Caribbean ethnic minority housing choice in Britain . Urban studies , 35 ( 10 ) : 1657 – 1680 . (doi:10.1080/0042098984097)
  • Peake , L. and Ray , B. K. 2001 . Racializing the Canadian landscape: whiteness, uneven geographies and social justice . The Canadian geographer , 45 ( 1 ) : 180 – 186 . (doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2001.tb01183.x)
  • Phadnis , U. and Ganguly , R. 2001 . Ethnicity and nation building in South Asia , New Delhi : Sage .
  • Picot , G. , Hou , F. and Coulombe , S. 2008 . Poverty dynamics among recent immigrants to Canada . International migration review , 42 ( 2 ) : 393 – 424 . (doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00129.x)
  • Pitman, W., 1977. Now is not too late: submitted to the council of metropolitan Toronto. Task Force on Human Relations, Metropolitan Toronto Council. Toronto: Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.
  • Preston , V. , Murnaghan , A. M. and Murdie , R. A. 2006 . The housing situation and needs of recent immigrants in the Toronto CMA , Ottawa : Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation . Also available as CERIS – The Ontario Metropolis Centre Working Paper No. 56. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/schl-cmhc/nh18-1/NH18-1-6-4-2006-eng.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2011]
  • Qadeer , M. and Kumar , S. 2006 . Ethnic enclaves and social cohesion . Canadian journal of urban research , 15 ( 2 ) : 1 – 17 .
  • Qadeer , M. , Agrawal , S. and Lovell , A. 2010 . Evolution of ethnic enclaves in the Toronto metropolitan area, 2001–2006 . Journal of international migration and integration , 11 ( 3 ) : 315 – 339 . (doi:10.1007/s12134-010-0142-8)
  • Rai, R. and Reeves, P., 2009. Introduction. In: R. Rai and P. Reeves, eds. The South Asian diaspora. London: Routledge, 1–12.
  • Rajan , J. and Sharma , S. 2006 . New cosmopolitanisms: South Asians in the United States , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
  • Ratcliffe, P., 1996. Social geography and ethnicity in Britain: geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration: ethnicity in the 1991 Census. Office for National Statistics. London: HMSO.
  • Ray , B. K. 1999 . Plural geographies in Canadian cities: interpreting immigrant residential spaces in Toronto and Montréal . Canadian journal of regional science , 22 ( 1–2 ) : 65 – 86 .
  • Razack , S. 2002 . Race place and law: unmapping a white settler society , Toronto : Between The Lines .
  • Riaz , A. 2010 . Religion and politics in South Asia , London : Routledge .
  • Robinson , V. 1986 . Transients, settlers and refugees: Asians in Britain , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Said , E. 1994 . Orientalism , New York : Oxford .
  • Salaff , J. and Chan , P. 2007 . Competing interests: Toronto's Chinese immigrant associations and the politics of multiculturalism . Population space and place , 13 ( 2 ) : 125 – 140 . (doi:10.1002/psp.430)
  • Sampat-Mehta , R. 1984 . “ First fifty years of South Asian immigration: a historical perspective ” . In South Asians in the Canadian mosaic , Edited by: Kanungo , R. Montréal: Kala Bharati, 21–54 .
  • Sheffer , G. 2003 . Diaspora politics: at home abroad , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Song , M. 2003 . Choosing ethnic identity , Malden : Blackwell .
  • Srestha , N. 2002 . Nepal and Bangladesh: a global studies handbook , Santa Barbara , CA : ABCLIO .
  • Statistics Canada, 2006. Community profile [online]. Available from: http://www.statscan.ca/communityprofiles [Accessed 12 January 2011].
  • Veronis , L. 2006 . The Canadian Hispanic day parade, or how Latin American immigrants practise (sub)urban citizenship in Toronto . Environment and planning A , 38 ( 9 ) : 1653 – 1671 . (doi:10.1068/a37413)
  • Vertovec , S. 1999 . Three meanings of ‘diaspora’, exemplified among South Asian religions . Diaspora , 7 ( 2 ) : 1 – 37 .
  • Vertovec , S. 2012 . Super-diversity and its implications . Ethnic and racial studies , 29 ( 61 ) : 1024 – 1054 .
  • Walton-Roberts , M. 1998 . Three readings of the Turban: Sikh identity in Greater Vancouver . Urban geography , 19 ( 4 ) : 311 – 331 . (doi:10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311)
  • Walton-Roberts , M. 2003 . Transnational geographies: Indian immigration to Canada . Canadian geographer , 47 ( 3 ) : 235 – 250 . (doi:10.1111/1541-0064.00020)
  • Walton-Roberts , M. and Pratt , G. 2005 . Mobile modernities: a South Asian family negotiates immigration, gender and class in Canada . Gender, place and culture , 12 ( 2 ) : 173 – 195 . (doi:10.1080/09663690500094823)
  • Werbner , P. 2009 . Revisiting the UK Muslim diasporic public sphere at the time of terror: from local invisible spaces to seditious conspiratorial spaces and the ‘failure of multiculturalism’ discourse . South Asian diaspora , 1 ( 1 ) : 19 – 45 . (doi:10.1080/19438190902719609)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.