References
- Anderson, T. 2018. “E-readers Make a Difference for Diverse Readers.” International Journal of Technology in Education and Science 2 (1): 40–56.
- Austrian, K., P. C. Hewett, E. Soler-Hampejsek, F. Bozzani, J. R. Behrman, and J. Digitale. 2016. Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme: Research and Evaluation Mid-Term Technical Report. Lusaka, Zambia: Population Council.
- Avenstrup, R., X. Liang, and S. Nellemann 2004. “Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi and Uganda: Universal Primary Education and Poverty Reduction. A Case Study from Reducing Poverty, Sustaining Growth – What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why A Global Exchange for Scaling up Success”. In Paper presented at the Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: A Global Learning Process and Conference. Shanghai.
- Bando, R., F. Gallego, P. Gertler, and D. R. Fonseca. 2017. “Books or Laptops? The Effect of Shifting from Printed to Digital Delivery of Educational Content on Learning.” Economics of Education Review 61: 162–173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.07.005.
- Basu, A., and R. Stephenson. 2005. “Low Levels of Maternal Education and the Proximate Determinants of Childhood Mortality: A Little Learning Is Not A Dangerous Thing.” Social Science & Medicine 60 (9): 2011–2023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.057.
- Behrman, J. A. 2015. “The Effect of Increased Primary Schooling on Adult Women’s HIV Status in Malawi and Uganda: Universal Primary Education as a Natural Experiment.” Social Science & Medicine 127: 108–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.034.
- Behrman, J. R., D. Ross, and R. Sabot. 2008. “Improving the Quality versus Increasing the Quantity of Schooling: Evidence for Rural Pakistan.” Journal of Development Economics 85 (1–2): 94–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.07.004.
- Behrman, J. R., J. Hoddinott, J. A. Maluccio, E. Soler-Hampejsek, E. L. Behrman, R. Martorell, M. Ramirez-Zea, and A. D. Stein. 2014. “What Determines Adult Cognitive Skills? Influences of Pre-schooling, Schooling, and Post-schooling Experiences in Guatemala.” Latin American Economic Review 23 (1): 4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40503-014-0004-4.
- Behrman, J. R., and N. Birdsall. 1983. “The Quality of Schooling: Quantity Alone Is Misleading.” American Economic Review 73 (5): 928–946.
- Brown, S. 2016. “Young Learners’ Transactions with Interactive Digital Texts Using E-readers.” Journal of Research in Childhood Education 30 (1): 42–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2015.1105887.
- Central Statistical Office (CSO) [Zambia], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Zambia], and ICF International. 2014. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013–14. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health, and ICF International.
- Chall, J. S. 1983. Stages of Reading Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Chow, J. C., and M. Jacobs. 2016. “The Role of Language in Fraction Performance: A Synthesis of Literature.” Learning and Individual Differences 47: 252–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.017.
- Davidson, M., and J. Hobbs. 2013. “Delivering Reading Intervention to the Poorest Children: The Case of Liberia and EGRA-Plus, a Primary Grade Reading Assessment and Intervention.” International Journal of Educational Development 33 (3): 283–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.09.005.
- De Neve, J. W., G. Fink, S. V. Subramanian, S. Moyo, and J. Bor. 2015. “Length of Secondary Schooling and Risk of HIV Infection in Botswana: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Lancet Global Health 3 (8): e470–e477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70161-0.
- Glewwe, P. 1999. “Why Does Mother’s Schooling Raise Child Health in Developing Countries? Evidence from Morocco.” Journal of Human Resources 34 (1): 124–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/146305.
- Hainmueller, J. 2012. “Entropy Balancing for Causal Effects: A Multivariate Reweighting Method to Produce Balanced Samples in Observational Studies.” Political Analysis 20 (1): 25–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr025.
- Hainmueller, J., and Y. Xu. 2013. “Ebalance: A Stata Package for Entropy Balancing.” Journal of Statistical Software 54 (7). doi:https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v054.i07.
- Hanushek, E. A., and L. Woessman. 2007. The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Hewett, P. C., K. Austrian, E. Soler-Hampejsek, J. R. Behrman, F. Bozzani, and N. A. Jackson-Hachonda. 2017. “Cluster Randomized Evaluation of Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme (AGEP): Study Protocol.” BMC Public Health 17 (1): 386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4280-1.
- Jaffe, S., Z. Lowe, and F. Mahesri. 2014. Ghana iREAD Study 2012–2014: Final Evaluation. Worldreader.
- Jejeebhoy, S. 1995. Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Jukes, M. C., E. L. Turner, M. M. Dubeck, K. E. Halliday, H. N. Inyega, S. Wolf, … S. J. Brooker. 2017. “Improving Literacy Instruction in Kenya through Teacher Professional Development and Text Messages Support: A Cluster Randomized Trial.” Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 10 (3): 449–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2016.1221487.
- LeFevre, J. A., L. Fast, S. L. Skwarchuk, B. L. Smith‐Chant, J. Bisanz, D. Kamawar, and M. Penner‐Wilger. 2010. “Pathways to Mathematics: Longitudinal Predictors of Performance.” Child Development 81 (6): 1753–1767. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01508.x.
- LeVine, R. A., S. LeVine, B. Schnell-Anzola, M. L. Rowe, and E. Dexter. 2012. Literacy and Mothering: How Women’s Schooling Changes the Lives of the World’s Children. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Margolin, S. J., C. Driscoll, M. J. Toland, and J. L. Kegler. 2013. “E‐readers, Computer Screens, or Paper: Does Reading Comprehension Change across Media Platforms?” Applied Cognitive Psychology 27 (4): 512–519. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2930.
- McEwan, P. J. 2015. “Improving Learning in Primary Schools of Developing Countries: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Experiments.” Review of Educational Research 85 (3): 353–394. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314553127.
- Mensch, B. S., E. K. Chuang, A. J. Melnikas, and S. R. Psaki. 2019b. “Evidence for Causal Links between Education and Maternal and Child Health: Systematic Review.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 24 (5): 504–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13218.
- Musonda, B., and A. Kaba. 2011. The SACMEQ III Project in Zambia: A Study of the Conditions of Schooling and Quality of Education. Zambia: SACMECQ III, National Reports.
- Piper, B., S. S. Zuilkowski, and A. Mugenda. 2014. “Improving Reading Outcomes in Kenya: First-year Effects of the PRIMR Initiative.” International Journal of Educational Development 37: 11–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.02.006.
- Pritchett, L. 2013. The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain’t Learning. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
- Psaki, S., E. Chuang, A. Melnikas, D. Wilson, and B. Mensch. 2019a. Effects of Education on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low and Middle-income Countries: Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. Social Science and Medicine: Population Health 8: 100386.
- Psaki, S., E. Soler-Hampejsek, J. Saha, B. Mensch, and S. Amin. 2019b. The Effects of Adolescent Childbearing on Literacy and Numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia. Demography 56: 1899–1929.
- Psaki, S., K. McCarthy, and B. Mensch. 2018. “Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries.” Population and Development Review 44 (1): 117–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12121.
- Purpura, D. J., and E. E. Reid. 2016. “Mathematics and Language: Individual and Group Differences in Mathematical Language Skills in Young Children.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 36: 259–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.020.
- Purpura, D. J., L. E. Hume, D. M. Sims, and C. J. Lonigan. 2011. “Early Literacy and Early Numeracy: The Value of Including Early Literacy Skills in the Prediction of Numeracy Development.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110 (4): 647–658. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.004.
- Raven, J. C. 2000. “The Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time.” Cognitive Psychology 41 (1): 1–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0735.
- Raven, J. C., and J. H. Court. 1998. Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Oxford pyschologists Press.
- Read, T. 2015. Where Have All the Textbooks Gone?: Toward Sustainable Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank.
- Results for Development & International Education Partners. 2016. “Global Book Fund Feasibility Study Final Report”. Washington DC.: Results for Development Institute. https://www.r4d.org/wp-content/uploads/R4D-IEP_GBF_Full-Report_-web.pdf
- Ritchie, S. J., T. C. Bates, and R. Plomin. 2015. “Does Learning to Read Improve Intelligence? A Longitudinal Multivariate Analysis in Identical Twins from Age 7 to 16.” Child Development 86 (1): 23–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12272.
- Rowe, M. L., B. K. Thapa, R. Levine, S. Levine, and S. K. Tuladhar. 2005. “How Does Schooling Influence Maternal Health Practices? Evidence from Nepal.” Comparative Education Review 49 (4): 512–533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/432769.
- Rubalcava, L. N., and G. M. Teruel. 2004. “The Role of Maternal Cognitive Ability on Child Health.” Economics and Human Biology 2 (3): 439–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2004.10.009.
- Snilstveit, B., J. Stevenson, R. Menon, D. Phillips, E. Gallagher, M. Geleen, … E. Jimenez. 2016. The Impact of Education Programmes on Learning and School Participation in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review Summary Report. London International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).
- Soler-Hampejsek, E., B. S. Mensch, S. R. Psaki, M. J. Grant, C. A. Kelly, and P. C. Hewett. 2018. “Reading and Numeracy Skills after School Leaving in Southern Malawi: A Longitudinal Analysis.” International Journal of Educational Development 59: 86–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.08.011.
- Vukovic, R. K., and N. K. Lesaux. 2013. “The Language of Mathematics: Investigating the Ways Language Counts for Children’s Mathematical Development.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 115 (2): 227–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.02.002.
- Wicherts, J. M., C. V. Dolan, J. S. Carlson, and H. L. Van der Maas. 2010. “Raven’s Test Performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average Performance, Psychometric Properties, and the Flynn Effect.” Learning and Individual Differences 20 (3): 135–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001.
- World Bank. 2018. World Development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Education’s Promise. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. doi:https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1.
- World Bank, & UNICEF. 2009. Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Mozambique Development Practice in Education. Washington, DC: World Bank and UNICEF.