Transfer of aflatoxin B₁ and fumonisin B₁ from naturally contaminated raw materials to beer during an industrial brewing process

References

• AOAC International. 2005a . Natural toxins. Aflatoxins. Official Methods of Analysis of the International Association of Official Analytical Chemists. , Vol. 49 , 4 AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• AOAC International. 2005b . Natural toxins. Aflatoxins. Gaithersburg (MD): Official Methods of Analysis of the International Association of Official Analytical Chemists. , Vol. 49 , 38 AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Assobirra. 2007. Report. Available from: http://www.assobirra.it/annual_report/2007/annual_report2007.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Battilani , P , Scandolara , A , Barbano , C , Pietri , A , Bertuzzi , T , Marocco , A , Berardo , N , Vannozzi , GP , Baldini , M , Miele , S , Salera , E and Maggiore , T . 2005 . Monitoraggio della contaminazione da micotossine in mais . L’Informatore Agrario , 6 : 47 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Belajova , E , Rauova , D and Dasko , L . 2007 . Retention of ochratoxin A and fumonisin FB1 and FB2 from beer on solid surfaces: comparison of efficiency of adsorbents with different origin . Eur Food Res Technol , 224 ( 3 ) : 301 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Chu , FS , Chang , CC , Ashoor , SH and Prentice , N . 1975 . Stability of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in brewing . Appl Microbiol , 29 ( 3 ) : 313 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities. 2006a. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/(2006) of 23 February (2006) laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L. 70:12–29.
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities. 2006b. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/(2006) of 19 December (2006) setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L. 364:5–24.
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities. 2007. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/(2007) of 28 September (2007) amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/(2006) setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards Fusarium toxins in maize and maize products. Off J Eur Union L. 255:14–17.
   Google Scholar
• Dasko , L , Rauova , D , Belajova , E and Kovac , M . 2005 . Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in beer . Czech J Food Sci , 23 ( 1 ) : 20 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• European Brewery Convention (EBC). 1998. European Brewery Convention, Analytica EBC, Getränke-Fachverlag, Nürnberg (Germany).
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2007. Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the Commission related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios and derived products. Question EFSA-Q-2006-174. EFSA J. 446:1–127.
   Google Scholar
• Fukal , L , Prosek , J and Rakosova , A . 1990 . Radiochemical aflatoxin determination in barley, malt and beer . Monatsschrift Brauwissenschaft , 43 ( 6 ) : 212 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana. 1962. Law 1354 of 16/08/1962 ‘Disciplina igienica della produzione e del commercio della birra’. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana No. 234(17 September 1962).
   Google Scholar
• Hlywka , JJ and Bullerman , LB . 1999 . Occurrence of fumonisin B1 and B2 in beer . Food Addit Contam , 16 ( 8 ) : 319 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1993. Some naturally occurring substances, food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans No. 56. Lyon (France): IARC: Aflatoxins. p. 245; Fusarium verticillioides toxins. p. 445.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2002. Summaries & Evaluations No. 82. Lyon (France): IARC. Fumonisin B1. p.301.
   Google Scholar
• Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT). 2006. Rome (Italy): ISTAT; [cited 2007 Oct 2]. Available from: http://www.istat.it/agricoltura/datiagri/coltivazioni/anno2006/corg2006.xls/
   Google Scholar
• Kawashima , LM , Vieira , AP and Valente Soares , LM . 2007 . Fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A in beers made in Brazil . Ciênc Tecnol Aliment , 27 ( 2 ) : 317 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Mably , M , Mankotia , M , Cavlovic , P , Tam , J , Wong , L , Pantazopoulos , P , Calway , P and Scott , PM . 2005 . Survey of aflatoxins in beer sold in Canada . Food Addit Contam , 22 ( 12 ) : 1252 – 1257 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbugua , SK and Gathumbi , JK . 2004 . The contamination of Kenyan lager beers with Fusarium mycotoxins . J I Brewing , 110 ( 3 ) : 227 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Missmer , SA , Suarez , L , Felkner , M , Wang , E , Merrill , AH , Rothman , KJ and Hendricks , KA . 2006 . Exposure to fumonisins and the occurrence of neural tube defects along the Texas–Mexico border . Environ Health Persp , 114 ( 2 ) : 237 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakajima , M , Tsubouchi , H and Miyabe , M . 1999 . A survey of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in domestic and imported beers in Japan by immunoaffinity and liquid chromatography . J AOAC Int , 82 ( 4 ) : 897 – 902 .
   Google Scholar
• Odhav , B and Naicker , V . 2002 . Mycotoxins in South African traditionally brewed beer . Food Addit Contam , 19 ( 1 ) : 55 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Okoye , Z . 1986 . Carryover of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated substrate corn into Nigerian native beer . B Environ Contam Tox , 37 ( 4 ) : 482 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Pietri , A , Bertuzzi , T , Pallaroni , L and Piva , G . 2004 . Occurrence of mycotoxins and ergosterol in maize harvested over 5 years in Northern Italy . Food Addit Contam , 21 ( 5 ) : 479 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , F , Bertuzzi , T , Comizzoli , S , Turconi , G , Roggi , C , Pagani , M , Cravedi , P and Pietri , A . 2006 . Preliminary survey on composition and quality of conventional and organic wheat . Ital J Food Sci , 18 ( 4 ) : 355 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. 17 October. SCF, Brussels (Belgium).
   Google Scholar
• Scott , PM . 1996 . Mycotoxins transmitted into beer from contaminated grains during brewing . J AOAC Int , 79 ( 4 ) : 875 – 882 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , PM and Lawrence , GA . 1995 . Analysis of beer for fumonisins . J Food Protect , 58 : 1379 – 1382 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , PM and Lawrence , GA . 1997 . Determination of aflatoxins in beer . J AOAC Int , 80 : 1229 – 1234 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , PM , Kanhere , SR , Lawrence , GA , Daley , EF and Farber , JM . 1995 . Fermentation of wort containing added ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 . Food Addit Contam , 12 ( 1 ) : 31 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , GS , Van der Westhuizen , L , Gatyeni , PM , Somdyala , NIM , Burger , HM and Marasas , WFO . 2005 . Fumonisin mycotoxins in traditional Xhosa maize beer in South Africa . J Agr Food Chem , 53 ( 24 ) : 9634 – 9637 .
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , K and Länzlinger , U . 1978 . Aflatoxins in preparation of malt and beer . Brauerei Rundschau , 89 ( 8 ) : 133 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , G , Wang , S , Hu , X , Su , J , Huang , T , Yu , J , Tang , L , Gao , W and Wang , J . 2007 . Fumonisin B1 contamination of home-grown corn in high risk areas for esophageal and liver cancer in China . Food Addit Contam , 24 ( 2 ) : 181 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Sydenham , EW , Thiel , PG , Marasas , WFO , Shephard , GS , Van Schalkwyk , DJ and Koch , KR . 1990 . Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxin in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei, Southern Africa . J Agr Food Chem , 38 : 1900 – 1903 .
   Google Scholar
• Torres , MR , Sanchis , V and Ramos , AJ . 1998 . Occurrence of fumonisins in Spanish beers analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method . Int J Food Microbiol , 39 ( 1/2 ) : 139 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Visconti , A , Solfrizzo , M and Girolamo , A de . 2001 . Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn and corn flakes by liquid chromatography with immunoaffinity column cleanup: collaborative study . J AOAC Int , 84 ( 6 ) : 1828 – 1837 .
   Google Scholar
• Voss , K , Riley , R , Norred , WP , Bacon , CW , Meredith , F , Howard , P , Plattne , R , Collins , T , Hansen , D and Porter , J . 2001 . An overview of rodent toxicities: liver an kidney effects of fumonisins and Fusarium moniliforme . Environ Health Persp , 109 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 259 – 266 .
   Google Scholar