Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment

References

• Akutsu , K , Takatori , S , Nozawa , S , Yoshiike , M , Nakazawa , H , Hayakawa , K , Makino , T and Iwamoto , T . 2008 . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum and sperm quality . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 80 ( 4 ) : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , MI , De Winter-Sorkina , R , De Mul , A , Boon , PE , Van Donkersgoed , G , Van Klaveren , JD , Baumann , BA , Hijman , WC , van Leeuwen , SPJ de Boer , J . 2008 . Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands . Mol Nutr Food Res , 52 ( 2 ) : 204 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , LS and Staskal , DF . 2004 . Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? . Environ Health Perspect , 112 ( 1 ) : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchi I, Alleva E, Costa LG. 2002. Effects of perinatal exposure to a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 99) on mouse neurobehavioural development. Neurotoxicology. 23(3):375–384.
   Google Scholar
• Breslin WJ, Kirk HD, Zimmer MA. 1989. Teratogenic evaluation of a polybromodiphenyl oxide mixture in New-Zealand white-rabbits following oral-exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 12(1):151–157.
   Google Scholar
• Bruckner , JV . 2000 . Differences in sensitivity of children and adults to chemical toxicity: the NAS panel report . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 31 ( 3 ) : 280 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSEF. 2009. Fact sheet. Brominated Flame Retardant Deca-BDE, Decabromodiphenyl Ether; [cited 2009 March 27]. Available from: www.bsef.com
   Google Scholar
• Chan , W and McCance , RA . 1995 . Meat poultry and game: fifth supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods , Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , W and McCance , RA . 1996 . Meat products and dishes: sixth supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods , Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , W , McCance , RA , Buss , DH and Brown , J . 1994 . Miscellaneous foods: fourth supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods , Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
   Google Scholar
• Chao , HR , Wang , SL , Lee , WJ , Wang , YF and Papke , O . 2007 . Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects . Environ Int , 33 ( 2 ) : 239 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , AC and Frey , HC . 1999 . Probabilistic techniques in exposure assessment a handbook for dealing with variability and uncertainty in models and inputs , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Darnerud , PO . 2008 . Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters . Int J Androl , 31 ( 2 ) : 152 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darnerud , PO , Atuma , S , Aune , M , Bjerselius , R , Glynn , A , Grawe , KP and Becker , W . 2006 . Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data . Food Chem Toxicol , 44 ( 9 ) : 1597 – 1606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit , CA . 2002 . An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment . Chemosphere , 46 ( 5 ) : 583 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd , KW , Guenther , PM , Freedman , LS , Subar , AF , Kipnis , V , Midthune , D , Tooze , JA and Krebs-Smith , SM . 2006 . Statistical methods for estimating usual intake of nutrients and foods: A review of the theory . J Am Diet Assoc , 106 ( 10 ) : 1640 – 1650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne , JL . 2010 . Metabolism, variability and risk assessment . Toxicology , 268 ( 3 ) : 156 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne , JLCM , Walton , K and Renwick , AG . 2005 . Human variability in xenobiotic metabolism and pathway-related uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: a review . Food Chem Toxicol , 43 ( 2 ) : 203 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron , B . 1982 . The Jackknife, the bootstrap and other resampling plans (ten lectures given at a regional conference on resampling methods; Bowling Green State University, June 1980) , Philadelphia , PA : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. 2001. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? Environ Health Perspect. 109(9):903–908.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson P, Viberg H, Jakobsson E, Orn U, Fredriksson A. 2002. A brominated flame retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioral alterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci. 67(1): 98–103.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2003. Direstive 2003/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether). Off J Eur Union 2.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes , AR , Tlustos , C , Smith , F , Carr , M , Petch , R and Rose , M . 2009 . Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) in Irish food of animal origin . Food Addit Contam B , 2 ( 1 ) : 86 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , AJ , Webster , TF and McClean , MD . 2009 . Diet contributes significantly to the body burden of PBDEs in the general US population . Environ Health Perspect , 117 ( 10 ) : 1520 – 1525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , HC and Burmaster , DE . 1999 . Methods for characterizing variability and uncertainty: comparison of bootstrap simulation and likelihood-based approaches . Risk Anal , 19 ( 1 ) : 109 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , HC and Rhodes , DS . 1998 . Characterization and simulation of uncertain frequency distributions: Effects of distribution choice, variability, uncertainty, and parameter dependence . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 4 ( 2 ) : 423 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. 1985. 30 day dietary study in rats with pentabromodiphenyl oxide, including recover periods of 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Final report. Unpublished. WIL Research laboratories project no: WIL-12042.
   Google Scholar
• Great Lakes Chemical Corporation. 2001. A 90 day inhalation toxicity study of octabromodiphenyl oxide in albino rats. Unpublished laboratory report, WIL Research Laboratories, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , ML , Banasik , M and Stedeford , T . 2009 . Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether . Crit Rev Toxicol , 39 : 1 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsel , DR . 2005 . Nondetects and data analysis statistics for censored environmental data , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , B , Unwin , ID , Buss , DH , McCance , RA and Widdowson , EM . 1989 . “ McCance and Widdowson's The composition of foods. 4th supplement, Milk products and eggs. Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture ” . In Fisheries and Food , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 2008. Uncertainty and data quality in exposure assessment. Part 1: guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. Part 2: hallmarks of data quality in chemical exposure assessment. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS Harmonization Project Document No. 6). Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• IUNA. 2001. North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: Food And Nutrient Intakes. Anthropometry, Attitudinal Data & Physical Activity Patterns. Abbey Court, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin: Food Safety Promotion Board.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Otazo , HA , Clarke , JP , Diamond , ML , Archbold , JA , Ferguson , G , Harner , T , Richardson , GM , Ryan , JJ and Wilford , B . 2005 . Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs . Environ Sci Technol , 39 ( 14 ) : 5121 – 5130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinov , A , Arsenault , G , Chittim , B , McAlees , A , McCrindle , R , Potter , D , Reiner , EJ , Tashiro , C and Yeo , B . 2008 . Identification of the minor components of Great Lakes DE-71 (TM) technical mix by means of H-1 NMR and GC/MS . Chemosphere , 73 ( 1 ) : S39 – S43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriyama SN, Talsness CE, Grote K, Chahoud I. Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect. 113(2):149–154.
   Google Scholar
• Lorber , M . 2008 . Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers . J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol , 18 ( 1 ) : 2 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , KM , Kiviranta , H , Virtanen , HE , Sundqvist , E , Tuomisto , JT , Tuomisto , J , Vartiainen , T , Skakkebæk , NE and Toppari , J . 2007 . Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys . Environ Health Perspect , 115 ( 10 ) : 1519 – 1526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , TA . 2002 . A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs . Chemosphere , 46 ( 5 ) : 745 – 755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker , JD , Johnson , PI , Camann , D and Hauser , R . 2009 . Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men . Sci Total Environ , 407 ( 10 ) : 3425 – 3429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NTP. 1986. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide in F344N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Nusser , SM , Carriquiry , AL , Dodd , KW and Fuller , WA . 1996 . A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions . J Am Stat Assoc , 91 ( 436 ) : 1440 – 1449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oracle. 2009a. Crystal Ball; [cited 2009 October 20]. Available from: http://www.oracle.com/crystalball/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Oracle. 2009b. How Crystal Ball calculates sensitivity; [cited 2009 October 20]. Available from: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E12825_01/epm.111/cb_user/frameset.htm?ch01s04.html
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2009. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria) R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Ragas , AMJ , Brouwer , FPE , Buchner , FL , Hendriks , HWM and Huijbregts , MAJ . 2009 . Separation of uncertainty and interindividual variability in human exposure modeling . J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol , 19 ( 2 ) : 201 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , MA . 1974 . Edf statistics for goodness of fit and some comparisons . J Am Stat Assoc , 69 ( 347 ) : 730 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel D, Tlustos C, von Goetz N, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. 2010. PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimizing data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol. in press, doi:10.1038/jes.2010.41.
   Google Scholar
• Turyk , ME , Persky , VW , Imm , P , Knobeloch , L , Chatterton , R and Anderson , HA . 2008 . Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers . Environ Health Perspect , 116 ( 12 ) : 1635 – 1641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FSA. , UK . 2006 . Brominated chemicals in farmed and wild fish and shellfish and fish oil dietary supplements , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen , CJ and Vermeire , T . 2007 . Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, , 2nd , Dordrecht (The Netherlands) : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. 2003. Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 192(2):95–106.
   Google Scholar
• Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Jakobsson E, Orn U, Eriksson P. 2003. Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 76(1):112–120.
   Google Scholar
• Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. 2004. Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 17(2):61–65.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , NA . 2006 . A course in probability , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar