References
- AFP. 2006. Pigs fed on bodybuilder steroids cause food poisoning in Shanghai. AFP; [cited 2006 Sept 19]. Available from: http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/09/19/060919065258.qtzm4eom.html/
- Amendola , L , Colamonici , C , Rossi , F and Botre , F . 2002 . Determination of clenbuterol in human urine by GC-MS-MS-MS: confirmation analysis in antidoping control . J Chromatogr B , 773 : 7 – 16 .
- Andrzej , P , Ales , O and Slavko , P . 2003a . Abuse of clenbuterol and its detection . Curr Med Chem , 10 : 281 – 290 .
- Andrzej , P , Jan , Z and Jolanta , N . 2003b . Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in bovine urine and liver matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography . Analytica Chimica Acta , 483 : 61 – 67 .
- Aresta , A , Calvano , CD , Palmisano , F and Zambonin , CG . 2008 . Determination of clenbuterol in human urine and serum by solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 47 : 641 – 645 .
- Baomi , L , Hongyuan , Y , Fengxia , Q and Yuru , G . 2011 . Determination of clenbuterol in porcine tissues using solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC-UV detection . J Chromatogr B , 879 ( 2011 ) : 90 – 94 .
- Catherine , AR , Dalrymple , RH , Pamela , KB and Ingle , DL . 1984 . Use of a β-agonist to alter fat and muscle deposition in steers . J Anim Sci , 59 : 1247 – 1255 .
- CNN. 2009. China: 70 ill from tainted pig organs. CNN; [cited 2009 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/china.poisonings/index.html/
- Gabriela , M , Antonella , DS , Claudia , D , Lucia , B , Gianfranco , B , Maurizio , F , Stefano , L and Alberto , L . 2007 . A pharmacodynamic study on clenbuterol-induced toxicity: β1- and β2-adrenoceptors involvement in guinea-pig tachycardia in an in vitro model . Food Chem Toxicol , 45 : 1694 – 1699 .
- He , L , Pu , C , Yang , H , Zhao , D and Deng , AP . 2009 . Development of a polyclonal indirect ELISA with sub-ng g− 1 sensitivity for the analysis of clenbuterol in milk, animal feed, and liver samples and a small survey of residues in retail animal products . Food Addit Contam , 26 ( 8 ) : 1153 – 1161 .
- Heather , L and Janusz , P . 2000 . Microextraction of drugs . J Chromatogr A , 902 : 17 – 63 .
- Kuiper , HA , Noordam , MY , van Dooren-Flipsen , MM , Schilt , R and Roos , AH . 1998 . Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists: European Community . J Anim Sci , 76 : 195 – 207 .
- Mahaveer , BM , Chen , W-S , Bai , H-Y , Lin , T-Y and Fuh , M-R . 2009 . Determination of 7-aminoflunitrazepam in urine by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry . Talanta , 78 : 618 – 622 .
- Mahaveer , BM and Fuh , M-R . 2008a . Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with semi-automated in-syringe back extraction as a new approach for the sample preparation of ionizable organic compounds prior to liquid chromatography . J Chromatogr A , 1198–1199 : 1 – 6 .
- Mahaveer , BM and Fuh , M-R . 2008b . Partitioned dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. An approach for polar organic compounds extraction from aqueous samples . J Chromatogr A , 1207 : 24 – 28 .
- Mahaveer , BM , Shang-Da , H and Ming-Ren , F . 2007 . Three-phase solvent bar microextraction and determination of trace amounts of clenbuterol in human urine by liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry . Talanta , 72 : 373 – 377 .
- Mahaveer , BM , Wei-Hsun , H and Shang-Da , H . 2005 . Determination of clenbuterol in urine using headspace solid phase microextraction or liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction . Analyt Chim Acta , 552 : 67 – 75 .
- Mario , T , Georg , O and Wilhelm , S . 2003 . Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric screening and confirmation methods for β2-agonists in human or equine urine . J Mass Spectrom , 38 : 1197 – 1206 .
- Mitchell , GA and Dunnavan , G . 1998 . Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists in the United States . J Anim Sci , 76 : 208 – 211 .
- Ramos , F , Baetaa , ML , Reis , J and Silveiraa , MIN . 2009 . Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water, urine, hair and feed samples . Food Addit Contam , 26 ( 6 ) : 814 – 820 .
- Rezaee , M , Assadi , Y , Hosseini , MM , Aghaee , E , Ahmadi , F and Berijani , S . 2006 . Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction . J Chromatogr A , 1116 : 1 – 9 .
- Rezaee , M , Yamini , Y and Faraji , M . 2010 . Evolution of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method . J Chromatogr A , 1217 : 2342 – 2357 .
- Sirichai , S and Khanatharanab , P . 2008 . Rapid analysis of clenbuterol, salbutamol, procaterol, and fenoterol in pharmaceuticals and human urine by capillary electrophoresis . Talanta , 76 : 1194 – 1198 .
- Soma , LR , Uboh , CE , Guan , F , Moate , P , Luo , Y , Teleis , D , Li , R , Birks , EK , Rudy , JA and Tsang , DS . 2004 . Pharmacokinetics and disposition of clenbuterol in the horse . J Vet Pharmacol Therap , 27 : 71 – 77 .
- Thevis , M , Schebalkin , T , Thomas , A and Schänzer , W . 2005 . Quantification of clenbuterol in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry . Chromatographia , 62 : 435 – 439 .
- Van Vyncht , G , Preece , S , Gaspar , R , Maghum-Roglster , G and DePauw , E . 1996 . Gas and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the multiresidue analysis of 13 β-agonists in biological matrices . J Chromatogr A , 750 : 43 – 49 .
- Whaites , LX and Murby , EJ . 1999 . Determination of clenbuterol in bovine urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following clean-up on an ion-exchange resin . J Chromatogr B , 728 : 67 – 73 .
- Xiong , C , Ruan , J , Cai , Y and Tang , Y . 2009 . Extraction and determination of some psychotropic drugs in urine samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 49 : 572 – 578 .
- Yi , W , Ying , W and Yu-Qi , F . 2007 . Extraction of clenbuterol fromurine using hydroxylated poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate)monolithmicroextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography determination . J Sep Sci , 30 : 2874 – 2880 .