1,535
Views
78
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Updated estimate of trans fat intake by the US population

, , , &
Pages 861-874 | Received 19 Oct 2011, Accepted 02 Feb 2012, Published online: 23 Mar 2012

References

  • Allison , DB , Denke , MA , Dietschy , JM , Emken , EA , Kris-Etherton , PM and Nicolosi , RJ . 1995 . Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk. Report of the expert panel on trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease . Am J Clin Nutr , 62 : 655 S – 708 S .
  • Allison , DB , Egan , SK , Barraj , LM , Caughman , C , Infante , M and Heimbach , JT . 1999 . Estimated intakes of trans fatty acids and other fatty acids in the US population . J Am Diet Assoc , 99 : 166 – 174 .
  • Angell , SY , Silver , LD , Goldstein , GP , Johnson , CM , Deitcher , DR , Frieden , TR and Bassett , MT . 2009 . Cholesterol control beyond the clinic: New York City’s trans fat restriction . Ann Intern Med , 151 : 129 – 134 .
  • AOAC Official Method 996.06 . 2001 . Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, , 18th , Gaithersburg [MD] : AOAC International .
  • Ascherio , A , Hennekens , C , Buring , JE , Master , C , Stampfer , M and Willett , W . 1994 . Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction . Circulation , 89 : 94 – 101 .
  • Brandt , EJ . 2011 . Deception of trans fats on Food and Drug Administration food labels: a proposed revision to the presentation of trans fats on food labels . Am J Health Promot , 25 : 157 – 158 .
  • Bysted , A , Mikkelsen , AE and Leth , T . 2009 . Substitution of trans fatty acids in foods on the Danish market . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 111 : 574 – 583 .
  • [CSPI] Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2007. Zero should mean zero when it comes to trans fat, says CSPI; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://cspinet.org/new/200710052.html
  • Eckel , RH , Borra , S , Lichtenstein , AH and Yin-Piazza , YY . 2007 . Understanding the complexity of trans fatty acids reduction in the American diet. American heart association trans fat conference 2006. Report of the trans fat conference planning group . Circulation , 115 : 2231 – 2246 .
  • Edwards JU. 2007. Healthy North Dakota oils. Agriculture to health. NDSU Extension Service. FN-620; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/foods/fn620.pdf
  • [FDA] Food and Drug Administration . 2003 . Food labeling: Trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling . Nutrient content claims and health claims. Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Register , 68(133) : 41433 – 41506 .
  • [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2006. Guidance for industry: Estimating dietary intake of substances in food; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/food/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidancedocuments/foodingredientsandpackaging/ucm074725.htm
  • [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2008. Guidance for industry: A labeling guide for restaurants and other retail establishments selling away-from-home foods; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/ucm053455.htm#exemptions
  • Harnack , L , Lee , S , Scakel , SF , Duval , S , Luepker , RV and Arnett , DK . 2003 . Trends in the trans-fatty acid composition of the diet in a metropolitan area: the Minnesota Heart Survey . J Am Diet Assoc , 103 : 1160 – 1166 .
  • Harnack L, Oakes M, French S, Cordy D, Montgomery M, Pettit J, King D. 2010. University of Minnesota. Trends in the fatty acid composition of frying oils used at leading fast food restaurants over the past 12 years on French fries as a proxy indicator. 34th National Nutrient Databank Conference, Prairie to Plate: Exploring Food and Nutrient Database Frontiers, 12–14 July 2010, Grand Forks, North Dakota
  • Health Canada. 2003. Regulations amending the food and drug regulations (Nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims and health claims), Department of Health, Canada Gazette, Part 1(1), January 1, 2003
  • Health Canada. 2007. Canada’s new government calls on industry to adopt limits for trans fat; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/gras-trans-fats/index-eng.php
  • Health Canada. 2009. The government of Canada release data showing trans fat levels in Canadian foods are declining; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/_2009/2009_15-eng.php
  • Hu , FB , Stampfer , MJ , Manson , JE , Goldstein , GA , Colditz , FE , Speizer , WC and Willett , WC . 2000 . Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women . N Engl J Med , 343 : 530 – 537 .
  • Huth , PJ . 2007 . “ Ruminant trans fatty acids: Composition and nutritional characteristics ” . In Trans fats in foods , Edited by: List , GR , Kritchevsky , D and Ratnayake , N . 97 – 126 . Urbana , IL : AOCS Press .
  • Intini J. 2004. Fat chance: stressed about trans fat? So are the food giants. MaCleans Business, MaCleans, CA, March 29, 2004; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.macleans.ca/business/companies/article.jsp?content=20040329_78056_78056
  • IOM. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington (DC): The National Academy of Sciences; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309085373
  • Kris-Etherton , PM and Innis , P . 2007 . Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: dietary fatty acids . J Am Diet Assoc , 107 : 1599 – 1611 .
  • Kummerow , FA . 2009 . The negative effects of hydrogenated trans fats and what to do about them . Atherosclerosis , 205 : 458 – 465 .
  • Leth , T , Jensen , HG , Mikkelsen , AE and Bysted , A . 2006 . The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food . Atheroscler Suppl , 7 : 53 – 56 .
  • Lichtenstein , AH , Appel , LJ , Brands , M , Carnethon , M , Daniels , S , Franch , HA , Franklin , B , Kris-Etherton , P , Harris , WS Howard , B . 2006 . Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. A scientific statement from the American heart association nutrition committee . Circulation , 114 : 82 – 96 .
  • List GR. 2010. Trends in trans reduction. Prepared Foods 7/27/2010, Newsletter (E-Edition Exclusive); [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: www.preparedfoods.com/Articles/newsletter-business/BNP_Guid_9-5-2006_A_100
  • London , S , Sacks , F , Caesar , J , Stampfer , M , Siguel , E and Willett , W . 1991 . Fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and diet in post-menopausal US women . Am J Clin Nutr , 54 : 340 – 345 .
  • Lopez-Garcia , E , Schulze , MB , Meigs , JB , Manson , JE , Rifai , N , Stampfer , MJ , Willett , WC and Hu , FB . 2005 . Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction . J Nutr , 135 : 562 – 566 .
  • Mossoba , MM , Kramer , JKG , Azizian , H , Kraft , J , Delmonte , P , Kia , ARF , Bueso , FJ , Rader , JI and Lee , JK . 2011 . Application of a novel, heated, nine-reflection ATR crystal and a portable FTIR spectrometer to the rapid determination of total trans fat . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 89(3) : 419 – 429 .
  • Mozaffarian , D , Jacobson , MF and Greenstein , JS . 2010 . Food reformulations to reduce trans fatty acids . N Engl J Med , 362 : 2037 – 2039 .
  • Mozaffarian , D , Katan , M , Ascherio , A , Stampfer , MJ and Willett , WC . 2006 . Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease . N Engl J Med , 354 : 1601 – 1613 .
  • Popkin , BM , Siega-Riz , AM , Haines , PS and Jahns , L . 2001 . Where’s the fat? Trends in US diets 1965–1996 . Prev Med , 32 : 245 – 254 .
  • Precht , D and Molkentin , J . 1995 . Trans fatty acids: Implications for health, analytical methods, incidence in edible fats and intake . Die Nahrung , 39 : 343 – 374 .
  • Ratnayake , WMN , L’Abbe , MR and Mozaffarian , D . 2009 . Nationwide product reformulations to reduce trans fatty acids in Canada: when trans fat goes out, what goes in? Eur J Clin Nutr . 63 , : 808 – 811 .
  • Ratnayake , WMN and Zehaluk , C . 2005 . “ Trans fatty acids in foods and their labeling regulations ” . In Healthful lipids , Edited by: Akoh , CC and Lai , OM . 1 – 32 . Urbana , IL : AOCS Press .
  • Remig , V , Franklin , B , Margolis , S , Kostas , G , Nece , T , James , C and Street , JC . 2010 . Trans fats in America: a review of their use, consumption, health implications, and regulation . J Am Diet Assoc , 110 : 585 – 592 .
  • Satchithanandam , S , Oles , CJ , Spease , CJ , Brandt , MM , Yurawecz , MP and Rader , JI . 2004 . Trans, saturated, and unsaturated fat in foods in the United States prior to mandatory trans-fat labeling . Lipids , 39 : 11 – 18 .
  • Stender , S and Dyerberg , J . 2003 . The influence of trans fatty acids on health, , 4th , 1 – 85 . Copenhagen : Danish Nutrition Council .
  • Stender , S , Dyerberg , J , Bysted , A , Leth , T and Astrup , A . 2006 . A trans world journey . Atheroscler Suppl , 7 : 47 – 52 .
  • Tarrago-Trani , MT , Phillips , KM , Lemar , LE and Holden , JM . 2006 . New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content . J Am Diet Assoc , 106 : 867 – 880 .
  • Tasan , Y and Demirci , N . 2003 . Trans FA in sunflower oil at different steps of refining . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 80 : 825 – 828 .
  • Troisi , R , Willett , W and Weiss , S . 1992 . Trans-fatty acid intake in relation to serum lipid concentrations in adult men . Am J Clin Nutr , 56 : 1019 – 1024 .
  • Unnevehr , LJ and Jagmanaite , E . 2008 . Getting rid of trans fats in the US diet: policies, incentives and progress . Food Policy , 33 : 497 – 503 .
  • [USDA] US Department of Agriculture. 2009. National nutrient database for standard reference – release 22; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18879
  • [USDA] US Department of Agriculture. 2010. National nutrient database for standard reference – release 23; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=8964
  • [USDA and DHHS] US Department of Agriculture and Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office, December 2010; [cited 2011 May 25]. Available from: http://www.dietaryguidelines.gov
  • van Bruggen , PC , Duchateau , GSMJE , Mooren , MMW and van Oosten , HJ . 1998 . Precision of low trans fatty acid level determination in refined oils. Results of a collaborative capillary gas-liquid chromatography study . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 75 : 483 – 488 .
  • WHO. 2009. Environmental health criteria 240: principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Chapter 6, Dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food, International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) monograph; p. 1–95

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.