A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products

References

• Almeida , AE , Ribeiro , ML and Polese , L . 2000 . Determination of amfepramone hydrochloride, fenproporex, and diazepam in so-called ‘natural’ capsules used in the treatment of obesity . J Liq Chromatogr Rel Tech , 23 : 1109 – 1118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 1995. Ministério da Saúde, Portaria no. 6/MS/SNVS de 31 de janeiro de 1995, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=23&data=06/02/1995/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 1998. Ministério da Saúde, Portaria no. 32 de 13 de janeiro de 1998, Brazil; [cited 2011 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/legis/portarias/32_98.htm/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2007. Ministério da Saúde , RDC . no. 67/2007, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=29&data=09/10/2007/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2010a. Ministério da Saúde, Res. no. 4784/2010, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=28&data=26/10/2010/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2010b. Ministério da Saúde , RDC . no. 14/2010, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=85&data=05/04/2010/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2010c. Ministério da Saúde, Res. no. 5914/2010, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=82&data=21/12/2010/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2010d. Ministério da Saúde, Res. no. 5915/2010, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=82&data=21/12/2010/
   Google Scholar
• ANVISA. 2010e. Ministério da Saúde, Res. no. 986/2010, Brazil; [cited 2011 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=50&data=11/03/2010/
   Google Scholar
• Auricchio , MT , Batistic , MA and Markman , BEO . 1991 . Detecção de anorexígenos e benzodiazepínicos em formulações ‘naturais’ empregadas em regimes de emagrecimento . Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz , 51 : 105 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho , LM , Correia , D , Garcia , SC , Bairros , AV , Nascimento , PC and Bohrer , D . 2010a . A new method for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and amfepramone as adulterants in phytotherapeutic formulations by voltammetry . Forensic Sci Int , 202 : 75 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , LM , Martini , M , Moreira , AP , Garcia , SC , Nascimento , PC and Bohrer , D . 2010b . Determination of synthetic pharmaceuticals in phytotherapeutics by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) . Microchem J , 96 : 114 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , LM , Martini , M , Moreira , APL , Lima , APS , Correia , D , Falcão , T , Garcia , SC , Bairros , AV , Nascimento , PC and Bohrer , D . 2011a . Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination . Forensic Sci Int , 204 : 6 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , LM , Moreira , AP , Martini , M and Falcão , T . 2011b . The illegal use of synthetic pharmaceuticals in herbal formulations: an overview of adulteration practices and analytical investigations . Forensic Sci Rev , 23 : 73 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carvalho , LM , Spengler , C , Lima , APS , Raabe , A , Martini , M , Nascimento , PC and Bohrer , D . 2009 . Determinação simultânea de cátions empregando eletroforese capilar com detecção condutométrica sem contato em equipamento construído em laboratório . Quím Nova , 32 : 2203 – 2208 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y , Zhao , L , Lu , F , Yu , Y , Chai , Y and Wu , Y . 2009 . Determination of synthetic drugs used to adulterate botanical dietary supplements using QTRAP LC-MS/MS . Food Addit Contam A , 26 : 595 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianchino , V , Acosta , G , Ortega , C , Martínez , LD and Gomez , MR . 2008 . Analysis of potential adulteration in herbal medicines and dietary supplements for the weight control by capillary electrophoresis . Food Chem , 108 : 1075 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , PA . 2009a . American roulette – contaminated dietary supplements . N Eng J Med , 361 : 1523 – 1525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , PA . 2009b . Imported fenproporex-based diet pills from Brazil: a report of two cases . J Gen Intern Med , 24 : 430 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , PA , Benner , C and McCormick , D . 2012 . Use of a pharmaceutically adulterated dietary supplement, Pai You Guo, among Brazilian-born women in the United States . J Gen Intern Med , 27 ( 1 ) : 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , PA , McCormick , D , Casey , C , Dawson , GF and Hacker , KA . 2009 . Imported compounded diet pill use among Brazilian women immigrants in the United States . J Imm Minority Hlth , 11 : 229 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz , SR , Flurer , CL and Wolnik , KA . 2004 . Analysis of undeclared synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in dietary supplements and herbal matrices by LC-ESI-MS and LC-U . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 36 : 525 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller , CA . 2004 . “ Weight reduction therapies: norectants, hermogenics, and lipolytics ” . In Principles of gender-specific medicine , Edited by: Legatto , M . 874 – 881 . Boston : Elsevier. .
   Google Scholar
• Hancu , G , Gaspár , A and Gyèresi , A . 2007 . Separation of 1,4-benzodiazepines by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography . J Biochem Boiphys , 69 : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , WP , Caterson , ID , Coutinho , W , Finer , N , van Gaal , LF , Maggioni , AP , Torp-Pedersen , C , Sharma , AM , Sheperd , GM Rode , RA . 2010 . Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects . N Engl J Med , 363 : 905 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanan , S , Abu-Yousef , IA , Gunasekar , C , Abdo , N and Narasimhan , S . 2009 . Detection and quantification of synthetic drugs in herbal slimming formula . Eur J Sci Res , 34 : 348 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , SH , Lee , J , Yoon , T , Choi , J , Choi , D , Kima , D and Kwona , SW . 2009 . Simultaneous determination of anti-diabetes/anti-obesity drugs by LC/PDA, and targeted analysis of sibutramine analog in dietary supplements by LC/MS/MS . Biomed Chromatogr , 23 : 1259 – 1265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku , Y-R , Chang , Y-S , Wen , K-C and Ho , L-K . 1999 . Analysis and confirmation of synthetic anorexics in adulterated traditional Chinese medicines by high-performance capillary electrophoresis . J Chromatogr A , 848 : 537 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku , Y-R , Tsai , M-J , Lin , J-H and Wen , K-C . 1996 . Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of clobenzorex HCl and diazepam adulterated in anorexiant traditional Chinese medicine . Chin Pharm J , 48 : 157 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Ku , Y-R , Tsai , M-J and Wen , K-C . 1995 . Screening chemical drugs used to adulterate in rheumatic and analgesic traditional Chinese medicine by HPLC-DAD . J Food Drug Anal , 3 : 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , MH , Ormiston , T , Kurani , S and Woo , DK . 2006 . Amphetamine lacing of an Internet-marketed neutraceutical . Mayo Clin Proc , 81 : 1627 – 1629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi , B , Caviglioli , G , Bachi , A , Cafaggi , S and Romussi , G . 1993 . Herbal mixtures with claimed slimming activity: determination by TCL and HPLC of illegally added drugs . Pharmazie , 48 : 678 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette , V and Parmentier , F . 2002 . Analysis of illicit amphetamine seizures by capillary zone electrophoresis . J Chromatogr A , 979 : 345 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reepmeyer , JC and d’Avignon , DA . 2009 . Use of hydrolytic procedure and spectrometric methods in the structure elucidation of the thiocarbonyl analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an over the counter herbal aphrodisiac . J AOAC Int , 92 : 1336 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reepmeyer , JC and Woodruff , JT . 2006 . Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a hydrolytic technique for the detection and structure elucidation of a novel synthetic vardenafil designer drug added illegally to a ‘natural’ herbal dietary supplement . J Chromatogr A , 1125 : 67 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reepmeyer , JC and Woodruff , JT . 2007 . Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a chemical cleavage reaction for the structure elucidation of a new sildenafil analogue detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 44 : 887 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renou-Gonnord , MF and David , K . 1996 . Optimized micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separation of benzodiazepines . J Chromatogr A , 735 : 249 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savaliya , AA , Shah , RP , Prasad , B and Singh , S . 2010 . Screening of Indian aphrodisiac ayurvedic/herbal healthcare products for adulteration with sildenafil, tadalafil and/or vardenafil using LC/PDA and extracted ion LC-MS/TOF . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 52 : 406 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , S , Prasad , B , Savaliya , AA , Shah , RP , Gohil , VM and Kaur , A . 2009 . Strategies for characterizing sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and their analogues in herbal dietary supplements, and detecting counterfeit products containing these drugs . Trends Anal Chem , 28 : 13 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , B and Cohen , PA . 2010 . Dependence on the Brazilian diet pill: a case report . Am J Addiction , 19 ( 3 ) : 291 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food , US . and Drug Administration (USFDA). 2006. Warns consumers about Brazilian diet pills found to contain active drug ingredients. P06-07, 13 January. Rockville (MD): USFDA
   Google Scholar
• Venhuis , BJ , Zomer , G and de Kaste , D . 2008 . Structure elucidation of a novel synthetic thiono analogue of sildenafil detected in an alleged herbal aphrodisiac . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 46 : 814 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y , Zhang , W-T , Li , S-T , Li , Y and Sun , C-J . 2010 . Simultaneous determination of five illegal drugs in weight control foods with solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography . J Sichuan Univ , 41 : 873 – 876 .
   Google Scholar
• Zou , P , Hou , P , Oh , SS-Y , Chong , YM , Bloodworth , BC , Low , M-Y and Koh , H-L . 2008 . Isolation and identification of thiohomosildenafil and thiosildenafil in health supplements . J Pharm Biomed Anal , 47 : 279 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar