1,911
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Analytical approaches for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in food and biological samples: a review and future perspectives

, , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 11-45 | Received 12 Apr 2012, Accepted 08 Aug 2012, Published online: 28 Sep 2012

References

  • Bakhiya , N , Abraham , K , Gürtler , R , Appel , KE and Lampen , A . 2009 . Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food . Mol Nutr Food Res , 55 ( 4 ) : 509 – 521 .
  • Berger-Preiss , E , Gerling , S , Apel , E , Lampen , A and Creutzenberg , O . 2010 . Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in rat blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization mode . Anal Bioanal Chem , 398 : 313 – 318 .
  • Blumhorst , MR , Venkitasubramanian , P and Collison , MW . 2011 . Direct determination of glycidyl esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils by LC-MS . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 88 : 1275 – 1283 .
  • Boogaard , PJ . 2002 . Use of haemoglobin adducts in exposure monitoring and risk assessment . J Chromatogr B , 778 : 309 – 322 .
  • Buhrke , T , Weisshaar , R and Lampen , A . 2011 . Absorption and metabolism of the food contaminant 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters by human intestinal Caco-2 cells . Arch Toxicol , 85 ( 10 ) : 1201 – 1208 .
  • Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). 2009. Initial evaluation of the assessment of levels of glycidol fatty acid esters detected in vegetable fats [Internet]. 2009. Berlin (Germany): BfR. Available from: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/initial_evaluation_of_the_assessment_of_levels_of_glycidol_fatty_acid_esters.pdf/
  • Cerbulis , J , Parks , OW , Liu , RH , Piotrowski , EG and Farrell , HM . 1984 . Occurrence of diesters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in the neutral lipid fraction of goats’ milk . J Agric Food Chem , 32 : 474 – 476 .
  • Collison MW, Blumhorst M. 2011. Advances in LC-MS analysis of glycidyl esters. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 1–4 May 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Craft BD, Chiodini A, Garst J, Granvogl M. Forthcoming 2012. Fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol factors affecting the formation of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in refined edible oils. Food Addit Contam A. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.709196
  • Davídek J, Velíšek J, Kubelka V, Janíèek G. 1982. New chlorine containing organic compounds in protein hydrolysates. Paper presented at: EuroFood Chem 1; 17–20 February 1981; Vienna, Austria
  • Davídek , J , Velíšek , J , Kubelka , V , Janíèek , G and Šimicová , Z . 1980 . Glycerol chlorohydrins and their esters as products of the hydrolysis of tripalmitin, tristearin and triolein with hydrochloric acid . Z Lebensm Unters Forsch , 171 : 14 – 17 .
  • De Rooij , BM , Boogard , PJ , Commandeur , JNM and Vermeulen , NPE . 1997 . 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid and alpha-chlorohydrin as biomarkers of occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin . Environ Toxicol Pharmacol , 3 : 175 – 185 .
  • De Rooij , BM , Commandeur , JN , Ramcharan , JR , Schuilenburg , HC , van Baar , BL and Vermeulen , NP . 1996 . Identification and quantitative determination of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid and alpha-chlorohydrin in urine of rats treated with epichlorohydrin . J Chromatogr B , 685 : 241 – 250 .
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF). 2009. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaf: DGF Standard Method C III 18 (09) – Determination of ester-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters) and 3-MCPD forming substances in fats and oils by means of GC-MS. Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen. Stuttgart (Germany): Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. Available from: http://www.dgfett.de/methods/
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF). 2011a. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft: DGF Standard Method C-VI 18 (10) Fatty-acid-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2,3-epoxipropane-1-ol (glycidol). Determination in oils and fats by GC/MS (Differential measurement). Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen. Available from: http://www.dgfett.de/methods/c_vi_18_%2810%29-english.pdf/
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF). 2011b. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft, DGF Standard Method C-VI 17 (10) Ester-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD ester) and glycidol (glycidyl ester). Summation method for the determination in fats and oils by GC-MS. Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen. Available from: http://www.dgfett.de/methods/c_vi_17_%2810%29_english.pdf/
  • Divinová , V , Doležal , M and Velíšek , J . 2007 . Free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in coffee surrogates and malts . Czech J Food Sci , 25 : 39 – 47 .
  • Divinová , V , Svejkovska , B , Dolezal , M and Velíšek , J . 2004 . Determination of free and bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using deuterated 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol as internal standard . Czech J Food Sci , 22 : 182 – 189 .
  • Doležal , M , Chaloupská , M , Divinová , M , Svejkovská , B and Velíšek , J . 2005 . Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and its esters in coffee . Eur Food Res Technol , 221 : 221 – 225 .
  • Doležal M, Ilko V, Zelinková Z, Velíšek J. 2009. 3-MCPD and its esters in malts and roasted cereals. Paper presented at: EURO FOOD CHEM XV, Food for the Future – The Contribution of Chemistry to Improvement of Food Quality; 5–8 July 2009; Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Doležal M, Zelinková Z, Velíšek J. 2008. Analysis of potato product lipids for 3-MCPD esters. Paper presented at: 6th Euro Fed Lipid Congress; 7–10 September 2008; Athens, Greece
  • Dubois M. 2011. Analysis of MCPD and glycidyl-esters in edible oils. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 1–4 May 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Dubois , M , Tarres , A , Goldmann , T , Empl , AM , Donaubauer , A and Seefelder , W . 2012 . Comparison of indirect and direct quantification of esters of monochloropropanediol in vegetable oil . J Chromatogr A , 1236 : 189 – 201 .
  • Dubois , M , Tarres , A , Goldmann , T , Loeffelmann , G , Donaubauer , A and Seefelder , W . 2011 . Determination of seven glycidyl esters in edible oils by gel permeation chromatography extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection . J Agric Food Chem , 59 ( 23 ) : 12291 – 12301 .
  • Eckert , E , Drexler , H and Goen , T . 2010 . Determination of six hydroxyalkyl mercapturic acids in human urine using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) . J Chromatogr B , 878 : 2506 – 2514 .
  • Eckert , E , Schmid , K , Schaller , B , Hiddemann-Koca , K , Drexler , H and Goen , T . 2011 . Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants . Int J Hyg Environ Health , 214 ( 3 ) : 196 – 204 .
  • Ermacora , A and Hrnčiřík , K . 2012a . Evaluation of an improved indirect method for the analysis of 3-MCPD esters based on acid transesterification . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 89 : 211 – 217 .
  • Ermacora A, Hrnčiřík K. 2012b. Indirect determination of 2-/3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in oils/fats: a new method based on acid transesterification. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 29 April–2 May 2012; Long Beach, CA, USA
  • European Commission. 2001a. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) updating the SCF opinion of 1994 adopted on 30 May 2001. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out91_en.pdf/
  • European Commission . 2001b . Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs . Off J Eur Comm , L77 ( 1 ) : 1 – 13 .
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (prepared by Barocelli E, Corradi A, Mutti A, Petronini PG). 2011. Comparison between 3-MCPD and its palmitic esters in a 90-day toxicological study. Parma (Italy): University of Parma. Scientific report submitted to EFSA CFP/EFSA/CONTAM/2009/01
  • Fiebig , HJ . 2011 . Determination of ester-bound 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol and glycidol in fats and oils – a collaborative study . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 393 – 399 .
  • Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS). 2011. Proficiency Test nr. 2631. Available from: http://www.fapas.com/
  • FSA. 2010. Survey of process contaminants in retail foods – Year 3: 2009. Food Standards Agency Food Survey Information Sheet 03/10. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis0310.pdf/
  • Gardner , A , Yurawecz , M , Cunningham , W , Diachenko , G , Mazzola , E and Brumley , W . 1983 . Isolation and identification of C16 and C18 fatty acid esters of chloropropanediol in adulterated Spanish cooking oils . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 31 : 625 – 630 .
  • Granvogl M, Schieberle P. 2011a. Quantitation of glycidyl esters via stable isotope dilution analysis. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 1–4 May 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA. Available from: http://www.aocs.org/files/ResourcesPDF/3%5FAOCS%5FCincinnati%5F030511.pdf/
  • Granvogl M, Schieberle P. 2011b. Development of direct quantification method of glycidyl esters in edible fats and oils via stable isotope dilution analysis. Paper presented at the final conference of the FEI project; 21 November 2011; Berlin, Germany. Available from: http://www.bll.de/themen/kontaminanten/abschlussveranstaltung-3-mcpd/
  • Habermeyer , M , Guth , S and Eisenbrand , G . 2011 . Identification of gaps in knowledge concerning toxicology of 3-MCPD and glycidol esters . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 314 – 318 .
  • Haines , TD , Adlaf , KJ , Pierceall , RM , Lee , I , Venkitasubramanian , P and Collison , MW . 2011 . Direct determination of MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in vegetable oils by LC-TOFMS . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 88 : 1 – 14 .
  • Hamlet , CG , Asuncion , L , Velíšek , J , Doležal , M , Zelinková , Z and Crews , C . 2011 . Formation and occurrence of esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-CPD) in foods: what we know and what we assume . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 279 – 303 .
  • Hamlet , CG and Sadd , PA . 2004 . Chloropropanols and their esters in cereal products . Czech J Food Sci , 22 : 259 – 262 .
  • Hamlet CG, Sadd PA, Gray DA. 2004. Chloropropanols and their esters in baked cereal products. Paper presented at: American Chemical Society Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 227th annual meeting; 28 March–1 April 2004; Anaheim, CA, USA
  • Hinrichsen N. 2011. 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters: a perspective. Paper presented at: OVID/BLL conference; 18 January 2011; Berlin, Germany
  • Honda , H , Onishi , M , Fujii , K , Ikeda , N , Yamaguchi , T , Fujimori , T , Nishiyama , N and Kasamatsu , T . 2011 . Measurement of glycidol hemoglobin adducts in humans who ingest edible oil containing small amounts of glycidol fatty acid esters . Food Chem Toxicol , 49 ( 10 ) : 2536 – 2540 .
  • Hori , K , Koriyama , N , Omori , H , Kuriyama , M , Arishima , T and Tsumura , K . 2012 . Simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry . LWT – Food Sci Technol , 48 ( 2 ) : 204 – 208 .
  • Hrnčiřík , K , Zelinková , Z and Ermacora , A . 2011 . Critical factors of indirect determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 361 – 367 .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2000. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 77: some industrial chemicals. Summary of data reported and evaluation. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol77/volume77.pdf/
  • Jones , AR . 1973 . The metabolism of biological alkylating agents . Drug Metab Rev , 2 : 71 – 100 .
  • Jones , AR . 1975 . The metabolism of 3-chloro-, 3-bromo- and 3-iodopropan-1,2-diol in rats and mice . Xenobiotica , 5 : 155 – 165 .
  • Jones , AR . 1983 . Antifertility actions of alpha-chlorohydrin in the male . Aust J Biol Sci , 36 : 333 – 350 .
  • Jones , AR and Fakhouri , G . 1979 . Epoxides as obligatory intermediates in the metabolism of alpha-halohydrins . Xenobiotica , 9 : 595 – 599 .
  • Jones , AR , Milton , DH and Murcott , C . 1978 . The oxidative metabolism of alpha-chlorohydrin in the male rat and the formation of spermatocoeles . Xenobiotica , 8 : 573 – 582 .
  • Karasek L, Wenzl T, Ulberth F. 2010. Proficiency test on the determination of 3-MCPD esters in edible oil [Internet]. Geel (Belgium): Publications Office of the European Union. EUR 24356 EN (DOI 10.2787/2587) Available from: http://irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/interlaboratory_comparisons/3_MCPD/Documents/eur_24356_en_3-mpcd_esters_in_edible_oil.pdf/
  • Karšulínová , L , Folprechtová , B , Doležal , M , Dostálová , J and Velíšek , J . 2007 . Analysis of the lipid fractions of coffee creamers, cream aerosols, and bouillon cubes for their health risk associated constituents . Czech J Food Sci , 25 : 257 – 264 .
  • Kuhlmann J. 2008. Überbefunde bei der Bestimmung von 3-MCPD-Estern in Ölen & Fetten? Mögliche Ursachen und Konsequenzen. Paper presented at: 2nd Workshop on Analysis of 3-MCPD-esters in Edible Oils of Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; November 2008; BfR, Berlin (Germany)
  • Kuhlmann , J . 2011a . Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 335 – 344 .
  • Kuhlmann J. 2011b. Indirect determination of bound glycidol and MCPD in refined oils. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; May 1–4 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Kuksis , A , Marai , L , Myher , JJ , Cerbulis , J and Farrell Jr , HM . 1986 . Comparative study of the molecular species of chloropropanediol diesters and triacylglycerols in milk fat . Lipids , 21 : 183 – 190 .
  • Küsters , M , Bimber , U , Reeser , S , Gallitzendörfer , R and Gerhartz , M . 2011 . Simultaneous determination and differentiation of glycidyl esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (MCPD) esters in different foodstuffs by GC-MS . J Agric Food Chem , 59 ( 11 ) : 6263 – 6270 .
  • Landin , HH , Osterman-Golkar , S , Zorcec , V and Törnquist , M . 1996 . Biomonitoring of epichlorohydrin by hemoglobin adducts . Anal Biochem , 240 : 1 – 6 .
  • Lebensmittelchemisches Institut des Bundesverbandes der Deutschen Süßwarenindustrie (LCI). 2008. Wie viele 3-MCPD-Ester gibt es? – Ein Rechenmodell. Cologne (Germany): Lebensmittel Chemisches Institute des Bundesverbandes der Deutschen Süßwarenindustrie e. V. Available from: http://www.lci-koeln.de/deutsch/veroeffentlichungen/lci-focus/wieviele-3-mcpd-ester-gibt-es-ein-rechenmodell/
  • Lynch , BS , Bryant , DW , Hook , GJ , Nestmann , ER and Munro , IC . 1998 . Carcinogenicity of monochloro-1,2-propanediol (a-chlorohydrin, 3-MCPD) . Int J Tox , 17 : 47 – 76 .
  • MacMahon S, Begley T, Diachenko G. 2011. LC-MS/MS detection of glycidyl esters and 3-MCPD esters in edible oils. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 1–4 May 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Masukawa , Y , Shiro , H , Kondo , N and Kudo , N . 2011 . Generalized method to quantify glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 88 : 15 – 21 .
  • Masukawa , Y , Shiro , H , Nakamura , S , Kondo , N , Jin , N , Suzuki , N , Ooi , N and Kudo , N . 2010 . A new analytical method for the quantification of glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils . J Oleo Sci , 59 : 81 – 88 .
  • Miyazaki K, Koyama K, Sasako H, Hirao T. 2012. Indirect method for simultaneous determinations of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 89:1403–1407
  • Moravcova , E , Vaclavik , L , Lacina , O , Hrbek , V , Riddellova , K and Hajslova , J . 2012 . Novel approaches to analysis of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters in vegetable oils . Anal Bioanal Chem , 402 : 2871 – 2888 .
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1990. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of glycidol (CAS No. 556-52-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Technical Report Series No. 374. Available from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr374.pdf/
  • National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2007. Toxicology and carcinogenesis study of glycidol (CAS No. 556-52-5) in genetically modified haploinsufficient p16(Ink4a)/p19(Arf) mice (gavage study). Natl Toxicol Program Genet Modif Model Rep. 13:1–81
  • Nomeir , AA , Silveira , DM , Ferrala , NF , Markham , PM , McComish , MF , Ghanayem , BI and Chadwick , M . 1995 . Comparative disposition of 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) in rats following oral and intravenous administration . J Toxicol Environ Health , 44 : 203 – 217 .
  • Pinkston JD, Stoffolano PJ. 2011. Update on the development of a sensitive, accurate, and user-friendly method for the direct determination of 3-MCPD esters. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; May 1–4 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Reece P. 2005. The origin and formation of 3-MCPD in foods and food ingredients. Available from: http://www.foodbase.org.uk//admintools/reportdocuments/43_84_FINAL_REPORT.pdf/
  • Robert , MC , Oberson , JM and Stadler , RH . 2004 . Model studies on the formation of monochloropropanediols in the presence of lipase . J Agric Food Chem , 52 : 5102 – 5108 .
  • Schilter , B , Scholz , G and Seefelder , W . 2011 . Fatty acid esters of chloropropanols and related compounds in food: toxicological aspects . Eur J Lipid Sci Techol , 113 : 309 – 313 .
  • Seefelder , W , Varga , N , Studer , A , Williamson , G , Scanlan , FP and Stadler , RH . 2008 . Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: significance in the formation of 3-MCPD . Food Addit Contam A , 25 ( 4 ) : 391 – 400 .
  • Shimizu , M , Kudo , N , Shiro , H , Yasunaga , K , Masukawa , Y , Katsuragi , Y and Yasumasu , T . 2011 . Comparison of indirect and direct quantification of glycidol fatty acid ester in edible oils . J Oleo Sci , 59 ( 10 ) : 535 – 539 .
  • Shiro , H , Kondo , N , Kibune , N and Masukawa , Y . 2011 . Direct method for quantification of glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 356 – 360 .
  • Shiro H, Kondo N, Masukawa Y. 2011. Validation of quantitative method for glycidol fatty acid esters (GEs) in edible oils. Paper presented at: 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; 1–4 May 2011; Cincinnati, OH, USA
  • Svejkovská , B , Novotný , O , Divinová , M , Réblová , Z , Doležal , M and Velíšek , J . 2004 . Esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in foodstuffs . Czech J Food Sci , 22 : 190 – 196 .
  • US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). 2008. Guidance levels for 3-MCPD(3-chloro-1,2-propanediol) in acid-hydrolyzed protein and Asian-style sauces. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074419.htm/
  • Van den Wijngaard , AJ , Janssen , DB and Witholt , B . 1989 . Degradation of epichlorohydrin and halohydrins by bacterial cultures isolated from freshwater sediment . J Gen Microbiol , 135 : 2199 – 2208 .
  • Velíšek , J , Davídek , J , Kubelka , V , Bartošová , J , Tuèková , A , Hajšlová , J and Janíèek , G . 1979 . Formation of volatile chlorohydrins from glycerol (triacetin, tributyrin) and hydrochloric acid . Z Lebens Wissen Technol , 12 : 234 – 236 .
  • Weisshaar , R . 2008 . Determination of total 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in edible oils by cleavage of MCPD esters with sodium methoxide . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 110 : 183 – 186 .
  • Weisshaar , R . 2011 . Fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD: overview of occurrence and exposure estimates . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 304 – 308 .
  • Weisshaar , R and Perz , R . 2010 . Fatty acid esters of glycidol in refined fats and oils . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 112 : 158 – 165 .
  • Zelinková , Z , Doležal , M and Velíšek , J . 2009a . 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in potato products . Czech J Food Sci , 27 : 421 – 424 .
  • Zelinková , Z , Doležal , M and Velíšek , J . 2009b . Occurrence of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in infant and baby foods . Eur. Food Res. Tech , 228 : 571 – 578 .
  • Zelinková , Z , Novotny , O , Schurek , J , Velisek , J , Hajslova , J and Dolezal , M . 2008 . Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk . Food Addit Contam A , 25 : 669 – 676 .
  • Zelinková Z, Novotný O, Velíšek J, Doležal M. 2007. Determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters. Paper presented at: EURO FOOD CHEM XIV, Food Quality and Issue of Molecule Based Science; 29–31 August 2007; Paris, France
  • Zelinková , Z , Svejkovska , B , Dolezal , M and Velisek , J . 2006 . Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils . Food Addit Contam , 23 : 1290 – 1298 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.