Application of gastrointestinal modelling to the study of the digestion and transformation of dietary glycidyl esters

References

• Anastassiades , M , Lehotay , SJ , Stajnbaher , D and Schenck , FJ . 2003 . Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and ‘dispersive solid-phase extraction’ for the determination of pesticide residues in produce . J AOAC Int , 86 : 412 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhiya , N , Abraham , K , Gurtler , R , Appel , KE and Lampen , A . 2011 . Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food . Mol Nutr Food Res , 55 : 509 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft , BD , Chiodini , A , Garst , J and Granvogl , M . 2012 . Fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol in refined edible oils . Food Addit Contam A , 29 : 29 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF). 2009. DGF Standard Method C III 18b. 2009. Determination of ester-bound 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters) and 3-MCPD forming substances in fats and oils by means of GC-MS. Stuttgart (Germany): Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft
   Google Scholar
• Dubois , M , Tarres , A , Goldmann , T , Loeffelmann , G , Donaubauer , A and Seefelder , W . 2011 . Determination of seven glycidyl esters in edible oils by gel permeation chromatography extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection . J Agric Food Chem , 59 : 12291 – 12301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization. 2008. EN 15662:2008 (E): Foods of plant origin – determination of pesticide residues using GC-MS and/or LC-MS/MS following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean-up by dispersive SPE-QuEChERS-method. Brussels (Belgium): CEN
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . 2005 . Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic (Request No. EFSA-Q-2004-020) (adopted on 18 October 2005) . EFSA J , 282 : 1 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). 2009. Initial evaluation of the assessment of levels of glycidol fatty acid esters detected in refined vegetable fats. BfR Opinion. Available from: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/initial_evaluation_of_the_assessment_of_levels_of_glycidol_fatty_acid_esters.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . 2000 . Some industrial chemicals. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans . Int Agency Res Cancer , 77 : 469 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• ILSI Europe. 2009. ILSI Europe Report Series. 3-MCPD esters in food products. Available from: http://www.ilsi.org/europe/publications/final%20version%203%20mcpd%20esters.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• ILSI Europe. 2012. Report/White Paper. MCPD and glycidyl esters in food products. Available from: http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Documents/MCPD%20Report%202012.pdf/
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlmann , J . 2011 . Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 113 : 335 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehotay , SJ , Mastovska , K and Yun , SJ . 2005 . Evaluation of two fast and easy methods for pesticide residue analysis in fatty food matrixes . J AOAC Int , 88 : 630 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minekus , M , Jelier , M , Xiao , JZ , Kondo , S , Iwatsuki , K , Kokubo , S , Bos , M , Dunnewind , B and Havenaar , R . 2005 . Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on the bioaccessibility of fat and cholesterol . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , 69 : 932 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minekus , M , Marteau , P , Havenaar , R and Huis in’t Veld , JH . 1995 . A multicompartmental dynamic computer controlled model simulating the stomach and small intestine . ATLA , 23 : 197 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Minekus , M , Smeets-Peeters , M , Bernalier , A , Marol-Bonnin , S , Havenaar , R , Marteau , P , Alric , M , Fonty , G and Huis in’t Veld , JH . 1999 . A computer-controlled system to simulate conditions of the large intestine with peristaltic mixing, water absorption and absorption of fermentation products . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 53 : 108 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki , K , Koyama , K , Sasako , H and Hirao , T . 2012 . Indirect Method for simultaneous determinations of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters . J Am Oil Chem Soc , 89 : 1403 – 1407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis , PM , Raab , TW , Chuat , JY , Leser , ME , Miller , R , Watzke , HJ and Holmberg , K . 2008 . Influence of surfactants on lipase fat digestion in a model gastro-intestinal system . Food Biophys , 3 : 370 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , MC , Oberson , JM and Stadler , RH . 2004 . Model studies on the formation of monochloropropanediols in the presence of lipase . J Agric Food Chem , 52 : 5102 – 5108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weißhaar , R and Perz , R . 2010 . Fatty acid esters of glycidol in refined fats and oils . Eur J Lipid Sci Technol , 112 : 158 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar