Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States

References

• Abraham K, Appel KE, Berger-Preiss E, Apel E, Gerling S, Mielke H, Creutzenberg O, Lampen A. 2013. Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol. 87:649–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel KE, Abraham K, Berger-Preiss E, Hansen T, Apel E, Schuchardt S, Vogt C, Bakhiya N, Creutzenberg O, Lampen A. 2013. Relative oral bioavailability of glycidol from glycidyl fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol. 87:1649–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhiya N, Abraham K, Gürtler R, Appel KE, Lampen A. 2011. Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food. Mol Nutr Food Res. 55:509–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becalski A, Feng SY, Lau PY, Zhao T. 2012. Glycidyl fatty acid esters in food by LC-MS/MS: method development. Anal Bioanal Chem. 403:2933–2942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumhorst M, Venkitasubramanian P, Collison M. 2011. Direct determination of glycidyl esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils by LC-MS. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 88:1275–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrke T, Weißhaar R, Lampen A. 2011. Absorption and metabolism of the food contaminant 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol. 85:1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho WS, Han BS, Nam KT, Park K, Choi M, Kim SH, Jeong J, Jang DD. 2008. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 46:3172–3177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destaillats F, Craft BD, Dubois ML, Nagy K. 2012. Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part I: formation mechanism. Food Chem. 131:1391–1398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destaillats F, Craft BD, Sandoz L, Nagy K. 2012. Formation mechanisms of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Food Addit Contam A. 29:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois M. 2011. Analysis of MCPD and glycidyl-esters in edible oils. Paper presented at 102nd AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo; Cincinnati (OH); [cited 2013 Mar 19]. Available from: http://www.aocs.org/files/resourcespdf/8_mdu_aocs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dubois M, Tarres A, Goldmann T, Empl AM, Donaubauer A, Seefelder W. 2012. Comparison of indirect and direct quantification of esters of monochloropropanediol in vegetable oil. J Chromatogr A. 1236:189–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois M, Tarres A, Goldmann T, Loeffelmann G, Donaubauer A, Seefelder W. 2011. Determination of seven glycidyl esters in edible oils by gel permeation chromatography extraction and liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry detection. J Agric Food Chem. 59:12291–12301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermacora A, Hrncirik K. 2013. A novel method for simultaneous monitoring of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in oils and fats. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 90:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate. 2001. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD); [cited 2013 Jun]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out91_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Firestone D, editor. 2011. Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 6th ed., Joint AOCS/JOCS Official Method Cd 28–10. Urbana, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society.
   Google Scholar
• Haines TD, Adlaf KJ, Pierceall RM, Lee I, Venkitasubramanian P, Collison M. 2011. Direct determination of MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in vegetable oils by LC-TOFMS. J Am Chem Soc. 88:1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori K, Koriyama N, Omori H, Kuriyama M, Arishima T, Tsumura K. 2012. Simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. LWT Food Sci Technol. 48:204–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori K, Matsubara A, Uchikata T, Tsumura K, Fukusaki E, Takeshi B. 2012. High-throughput and sensitive analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in edible oils by supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1250:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrncirik K, van Duijn G. 2011. An initial study on the formation of 3-MCPD esters during oil refining. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:374–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrncirik K, Zelinkova Z, Ermacora A. 2011. Critical factors of indirect determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:361–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2000. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to Humans, Vol. 77; Lyon, France: IARC; p. 469–486.
   Google Scholar
• Kaze N, Sato H, Yamamoto H, Watanabe Y. 2011. Bidirectional conversion between 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol and glycidol in course of the procedure of DGF standard methods. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 88:1143–1161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlmann J. 2011. Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:335–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Gao BY, Wu PP, Shui HM, Luo W, Ma AN, Jiang YR, Xu XB, Yu LL. 2012. Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:3785–3791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 1. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol and 2-monochloropropanediol diesters. J Agric Food Chem. 61:4747–4857.
   Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Mazzola E, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 1. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol monoesters and glycidyl esters. J Agric Food Chem. 61:4737–4747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthäus B, Pudel F, Fehling P, Vosmann KL, Freudenstein A. 2011. Strategies for the reduction of 3-MCPD esters and related compounds in vegetable oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:380–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravcova E, Vaclavik L, Lacina O, Hrbek V, Riddellova K, Hajslova J. 2012. Novel approaches to analysis of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters in vegetable oils. Anal Bioanal Chem. 402:2871–2888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy K, Sandoz L, Craft B, Destaillats F. 2011. Mass-defect filtering of isotope signatures to reveal the source of chlorinated palm oil contaminants. Food Addit Contam A. 28:1492–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudel F, Benecke P, Fehling P, Freudenstein A, Matthäus B, Schwaf A. 2011. On the necessity of edible oil refining and possible sources of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilter B, Scholz G, Seefelder W. 2011. Fatty acid esters of chloropropanols and related compounds: toxicological aspects. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:309–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. 2005. Regioselective opening of an oxirane system with trifluoroacetic anhydride. A general method for the synthesis of 2-monoacyl- and 1,3-symmetrical triacylglycerols. Tetrahedron. 61:3659–3669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiβhaar R. 2008. Determination of total 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in edible oils by cleavage of MCPD esters with sodium methoxide. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 110:183–186.
   Google Scholar
• WHO Food Additives Series, No. 48, 2002; [cited 2013 Jun]. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je18.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yamazaki K, Ogiso M, Isagawa S, Urushiyama T, Ukena T, Kibune N. 2013. A new, direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for the fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in edible oils. Food Addit Contam A. 30:52–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar