988
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Safety evaluation of mechanical recycling processes used to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) intended for food contact applications

, , , , , & show all
Pages 490-497 | Received 17 Jan 2013, Accepted 22 Nov 2013, Published online: 14 Feb 2014

References

  • Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Aliments. 2006. Safety evaluation of recycled polyethylene terephthalate materials and articles used in contact with food and drinking water [Internet; cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.contactalimentaire.com/fileadmin/ImageFichier_Archive/contact_alimentaire/Fichiers_Documents/Avis_AFSSA-CSHPF/avis_du_27-11-2006rap.pdf
  • Bayer F. 2002. Polyethylene terephthalate recycling for food-contact applications: testing, safety and technologies: a global perspective. Food Addit Contam. 19:111–134.
  • Begley T, Castle L, Feigenbaum A, Franz R, Hinrichs K, Lickly T, Mercea P, Milana M-R, O’Brien T, Rebre S, et al. 2005. Evaluation of migration models that might be used in support of regulations for food-contact plastics. Food Addit Contam. 22:73–90.
  • Begley TH, Hollifield HC. 1993. Recycled polymers in food packaging: migration considerations. Food Technol. 47:109–112.
  • Begley TH, McNeal TP, Biles JE, Paquette KE. 2002. Evaluating the potential for recycling all PET bottles into new food packaging. Food Addit Contam. 19:135–143.
  • Castle L. 1994. Recycled and reused plastics for food packaging? Packag Technol Sci. 7:291–297.
  • Castle L, de Kruijf N, Franz R, Gilbert J, Rossi L. 1998. Recycling of plastics for food contact use. Guidelines. ILSI Europe (Brussels, Belgium), May 1998. 20 p. Second printing 2000.
  • Cheeseman MA, Machuga EJ, Bailey AB. 1999. A tiered approach to threshold of regulation. Food Chem Toxicol. 37:387–412.
  • [EC] European Commission. 2006. Regulation No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Annex XVII [Internet; 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:20067:136:0003:0280:en:PDF
  • [EC] European Commission. 2008. Regulation (EC) No. 282/2008 of the Commission of 27 March 2008 on recycled plastic materials intended to come into contact with foods [Internet; 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:086:0009:0018:EN:PDF
  • [EC] European Commission. 2010. Applicability of generally recognised diffusion models for the estimation of specific migration in support of EU Directive 2002/72/EC [Internet]. In. Simoneau C, ed. JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR 24514 EN 2010, Ispra, (VA) Italy, October 2010 [cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/14935/1/reqno_jrc59476_mathmod_v10_cs_2010_ 09_ 24_ final.pdf %5B1%5D.pdf
  • European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Guidelines on submission of a dossier for safety evaluation by the EFSA of a recycling process to produce recycled plastics intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. EFSA J. 717: 1–12.
  • [EFSA CEF Panel] EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids). 2011. Scientific opinion on the criteria to be used for safety evaluation of a mechanical recycling process to produce recycled PET intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. EFSA J. 9:2184.
  • EFSA Scientific Committee. 2012. Scientific opinion on exploring options for providing advice about possible human health risks based on the concept of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC). EFSA J. 10:2750 [Internet]. [103 pp.; cited 2013 Dec 16]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2750.
  • [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 1995. Food additives; threshold of regulation for substances used in food-contact articles. Final rule. Fed Regist. 60:36582–36594.
  • [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2006. Guidance for industry: use of recycled plastics in food packaging: chemistry considerations [Internet; cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/IngredientsAdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm120 762.htm
  • Franz R, Bayer F, Welle F. 2004. Guidance and Criteria for Safe Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate into New Food Packaging Applications [Internet]. Report EUR 21155. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Franz R, Huber M, Welle F. 1998. Recycling of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact application – a feasibility study using a simplified challenge test. Dtsch Lebensmitt Rundsch. 94:303–308.
  • Franz R, Mauer A, Welle F. 2004. European survey on post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) materials to determine contamination levels and maximum consumer exposure from food packages made from recycled PET. Food Addit Contam. 21:265–286.
  • Franz R, Welle F. 2002. Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact applications: Challenge test of an inline recycling process. Food Addit Contam. 19:502–511.
  • Kroes R, Renwick AG, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, Schilter B, Schlatter J, van Schothorst F, Vos G, Wurtzen JG. 2004. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:65–83.
  • Pennarun PY, Saillard P, Feigenbaum A, Dole P. 2005. Experimental direct evaluation of functional barriers in PET recycled bottles: comparison of migration behaviour of mono- and multilayers. Packag Technol Sci. 18:107–123.
  • Piringer O, Hinrichs K. 2001. Evaluation of migration models. Final Report of the EU-project contract no. SMT-CT98-7513, Brussels.
  • Welle F. 2011. Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling: an overview. Resour Conserv Recy. 55:865–875.
  • Welle F. 2013. Is PET bottle-to-bottle recycling safe? Evaluation of post-consumer recycling processes according to the EFSA guidelines. Resour Conserv Recy. 73:41–45.
  • Welle F. 2014. Simulation of the decontamination efficiency of PET recycling processes based on solid-state polycondensation. Packag Technol Sci. 27:141–148.
  • Welle F, Franz R. 2008. SiOx layer as functional barrier in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles against potential contaminants from post-consumer recycled PET. Food Addit Contam. 25:788–794.
  • World Health Organisation. 2003. Domestic water quantity, service level and health [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; WHO/SDE/WSH/3.02 [cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/WSH03.02.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.