Safety evaluation of mechanical recycling processes used to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) intended for food contact applications

References

• Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Aliments. 2006. Safety evaluation of recycled polyethylene terephthalate materials and articles used in contact with food and drinking water [Internet; cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.contactalimentaire.com/fileadmin/ImageFichier_Archive/contact_alimentaire/Fichiers_Documents/Avis_AFSSA-CSHPF/avis_du_27-11-2006rap.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bayer F. 2002. Polyethylene terephthalate recycling for food-contact applications: testing, safety and technologies: a global perspective. Food Addit Contam. 19:111–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begley T, Castle L, Feigenbaum A, Franz R, Hinrichs K, Lickly T, Mercea P, Milana M-R, O’Brien T, Rebre S, et al. 2005. Evaluation of migration models that might be used in support of regulations for food-contact plastics. Food Addit Contam. 22:73–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begley TH, Hollifield HC. 1993. Recycled polymers in food packaging: migration considerations. Food Technol. 47:109–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begley TH, McNeal TP, Biles JE, Paquette KE. 2002. Evaluating the potential for recycling all PET bottles into new food packaging. Food Addit Contam. 19:135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Castle L. 1994. Recycled and reused plastics for food packaging? Packag Technol Sci. 7:291–297.
   Google Scholar
• Castle L, de Kruijf N, Franz R, Gilbert J, Rossi L. 1998. Recycling of plastics for food contact use. Guidelines. ILSI Europe (Brussels, Belgium), May 1998. 20 p. Second printing 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Cheeseman MA, Machuga EJ, Bailey AB. 1999. A tiered approach to threshold of regulation. Food Chem Toxicol. 37:387–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2006. Regulation No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Annex XVII [Internet; 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:20067:136:0003:0280:en:PDF
   Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2008. Regulation (EC) No. 282/2008 of the Commission of 27 March 2008 on recycled plastic materials intended to come into contact with foods [Internet; 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:086:0009:0018:EN:PDF
   Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2010. Applicability of generally recognised diffusion models for the estimation of specific migration in support of EU Directive 2002/72/EC [Internet]. In. Simoneau C, ed. JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR 24514 EN 2010, Ispra, (VA) Italy, October 2010 [cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/14935/1/reqno_jrc59476_mathmod_v10_cs_2010_ 09_ 24_ final.pdf %5B1%5D.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Guidelines on submission of a dossier for safety evaluation by the EFSA of a recycling process to produce recycled plastics intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. EFSA J. 717: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA CEF Panel] EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids). 2011. Scientific opinion on the criteria to be used for safety evaluation of a mechanical recycling process to produce recycled PET intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. EFSA J. 9:2184.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA Scientific Committee. 2012. Scientific opinion on exploring options for providing advice about possible human health risks based on the concept of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC). EFSA J. 10:2750 [Internet]. [103 pp.; cited 2013 Dec 16]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2750.
   Google Scholar
• [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 1995. Food additives; threshold of regulation for substances used in food-contact articles. Final rule. Fed Regist. 60:36582–36594.
   Google Scholar
• [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2006. Guidance for industry: use of recycled plastics in food packaging: chemistry considerations [Internet; cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/IngredientsAdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm120 762.htm
   Google Scholar
• Franz R, Bayer F, Welle F. 2004. Guidance and Criteria for Safe Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate into New Food Packaging Applications [Internet]. Report EUR 21155. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
   Google Scholar
• Franz R, Huber M, Welle F. 1998. Recycling of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact application – a feasibility study using a simplified challenge test. Dtsch Lebensmitt Rundsch. 94:303–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz R, Mauer A, Welle F. 2004. European survey on post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) materials to determine contamination levels and maximum consumer exposure from food packages made from recycled PET. Food Addit Contam. 21:265–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz R, Welle F. 2002. Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact applications: Challenge test of an inline recycling process. Food Addit Contam. 19:502–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroes R, Renwick AG, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, Schilter B, Schlatter J, van Schothorst F, Vos G, Wurtzen JG. 2004. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:65–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennarun PY, Saillard P, Feigenbaum A, Dole P. 2005. Experimental direct evaluation of functional barriers in PET recycled bottles: comparison of migration behaviour of mono- and multilayers. Packag Technol Sci. 18:107–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piringer O, Hinrichs K. 2001. Evaluation of migration models. Final Report of the EU-project contract no. SMT-CT98-7513, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Welle F. 2011. Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling: an overview. Resour Conserv Recy. 55:865–875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welle F. 2013. Is PET bottle-to-bottle recycling safe? Evaluation of post-consumer recycling processes according to the EFSA guidelines. Resour Conserv Recy. 73:41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Welle F. 2014. Simulation of the decontamination efficiency of PET recycling processes based on solid-state polycondensation. Packag Technol Sci. 27:141–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welle F, Franz R. 2008. SiOx layer as functional barrier in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles against potential contaminants from post-consumer recycled PET. Food Addit Contam. 25:788–794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. 2003. Domestic water quantity, service level and health [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; WHO/SDE/WSH/3.02 [cited 2013 Dec 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/WSH03.02.pdf
   Google Scholar