375
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 984-1002 | Received 07 Jan 2015, Accepted 06 Mar 2015, Published online: 15 Apr 2015

References

  • Alves-de-Souza C, Varela D, Contreras C, de La Iglesia P, Fernández P, Hipp B, Hernández C, Riobó P, Reguera B, Franco JM, et al. 2014. Seasonal variability of Dinophysis spp. and Protoceratium reticulatum associated to lipophilic shellfish toxins in a strongly stratified Chilean Fjord. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 101:152–162.
  • AOAC. 2000. Paralytic shellfish poison: biological method, First Action, 1959, Final Action, Sec. 49.10.01. In: Horwitz W, editor. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 17th ed. Gaithersburg (MD): AOAC International.
  • AOAC. 2011.02. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Mussels, Clams, Oysters and Scallops, Post-column Oxidation (PCOX) Method. AOAC Official Method 2011.02. First Action 2011. Gaithersburg (MD): AOAC International.
  • Aune T, Larsen S, Aasen JAB, Rehmann N, Satake M, Hess P. 2007. Relative toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) compared with okadaic acid, based on acute intraperitoneal toxicity in mice. Toxicon. 49:1–7.
  • Cusick KD, Sayler GS. 2013. An overview on the marine neurotoxin, saxitoxin: genetics, molecular targets, methods of detection and ecological functions. Mar Drugs. 11:991–1018.
  • Dominguez HJ, Paz B, Daranas AH, Norte M, Franco JM, Fernández JJ. 2010. Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid toxin groups: characterization, analysis and human health implications. Toxicon. 56:191–217.
  • Duinker A, Bergslien M, Strand Ø, Olseng CD, Svardal A. 2007. The effect of size and age on depuration rates of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) in mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Harmful Algae. 6:288–300.
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2009. Marine biotoxins in shellfish – Summary on regulated marine biotoxins. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J. 1306:1–23.
  • Etheridge SM. 2010. Paralytic shellfish poisoning: seafood safety and human health perspectives. Toxicon. 56:108–122.
  • EU, European Commission Regulation Nº 15/2011. 2011. Regulation (EC) Nº 2074/(2005) as regards recognised testing methods for detecting marine biotoxins in live bivalve molluscs. Off J Eur Union. L6/3–L6/6.
  • EU, European Commission Regulation Nº 786/2013. 2013. Amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) Nº 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the permitted limits of yessotoxins in live bivalve molluscs. Off J Eur Union. L 220/14.
  • EURLMB, 2011. EU-Harmonised Standard Operating Procedure for determination of Lipophilic marine biotoxins in molluscs by LC-MS/MS. Version 4, 2011.
  • Farrell H, Gentien P, Fernand L, Lunven M, Reguera B, González-Gil S, Raine R. 2012. Scales characterising a high density thin layer of Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg and its transport within a coastal jet. Harmful Algae. 15:36–46.
  • Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Suganuma M. 2013. Tumor promoters: from chemicals to inflammatory proteins. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 139:1603–1614.
  • Fujiki H, Suganuma M. 2009. Carcinogenic aspects of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitors. In: Fusetani N, Kem W, editors. Marine toxins as research tools. Berlin: Springer; p. 221–254.
  • García C, Pruzzo M, Rodríguez-Unda N, Contreras C, Lagos N. 2010. First evidence of okadaic acid acyl-derivative and dinophysistoxin-3 in mussel samples collected in Chiloe island, southern Chile. J Toxicol Sci. 35:335–344.
  • García C, Rodriguez-Unda N, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N. 2012. Lipophilic toxin profiles detected in farmed and benthic mussels populations from the most relevant production zones in Southern Chile. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 29:1011–1020.
  • García C, Seguel M, Uribe JC. 2013. Dynamics of toxic dinoflagellates’ blooms in the austral pacific region: distribution, toxicity and impact on aquaculture. In: Tobias RD, Lariree VM, editors. Dinoflagellates: biology, geographical distribution and economic importance. New York: Nova Science Publishers; p. 1–56.
  • Gerssen A, Mulder PP, de Boer J. 2011. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish and algae: development of a library using liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 685:176–185.
  • Gerssen A, Pol-Hofstad I, Poelman M, Mulder P, van den Top H, de Boer J. 2010. Marine toxins: chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation. Toxicon. 2:878–904.
  • Gestal-Otero JJ. 2008. Epidemiological impact of diarrheic toxins. seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection. In: Botana LM, editor. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology and detection. 2nd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press, Taylor and Francis; p. 53-71‬‬.
  • Gestal-Otero JJ. 2014. Epidemiological of marine toxins. seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection. In: Botana LM, editor. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology and detection. 3rd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press, Taylor and Francis; p. 123–195.
  • Glibert PM, Burkholder JM, Kana TM. 2012. Recent insights about relationships between nutrient availability, forms, and stoichiometry, and the distribution, ecophysiology, and food web effects of pelagic and benthic Prorocentrum species. Harmful Algae. 14:231–259.
  • Guéguen M, Baron R, Bardouil M, Truquet P, Haberkorn H, Lassus P, Barillé L, Amzil Z. 2011. Modelling of paralytic shellfish toxin biotransformations in the course of Crassostrea gigas detoxification kinetics. Ecol Modell. 222:3394–3402.
  • Haberkorn H, Tran D, Massabuau J-C, Ciret P, Savar V, Soudant P. 2011. Relationship between valve activity, microalgae concentration in the water and toxin accumulation in the digestive gland of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to Alexandrium minutum. Mar Pollut Bull. 62:1191–1197.
  • Hallegraeff GM. 2010. Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: a formidable predictive challenge. J Phycol. 46:220–235.
  • Hayat A, Barthelmebs L, Marty J-L. 2012. A simple colorimetric enzymatic-assay for okadaic acid detection based on the immobilization of protein phosphatase 2A in sol-gel. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 166:47–56.
  • James KJ, Carey B, O‘Halloran J, Van Pelt FNAM, Skrabakova Z. 2010. Shellfish toxicity: human health implications of marine algal toxins. Epidemiol Infect. 138:927–940.
  • Kodama M. 2010. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: biochemistry and origin. Aqua-BioSci Monogr. 3:1–38.
  • Konoki K, Onoda T, Watanabe R, Cho Y, Kaga S, Suzuki T, Yotsu-Yamashita M. 2013. In vitro acylation of okadaic acid in the presence of various bivalves’ extracts. Mar Drugs. 11:300–315.
  • Krock B, Seguel CG, Cembella AD. 2007. Toxin profile of Alexandrium catenella from the Chilean coast as determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Harmful Algae. 6:734–744.
  • Lindahl O, Lundve B, Johansen M. 2007. Toxicity of Dinophysis spp. in relation to population density and environmental conditions on the Swedish west coast. Harmful Algae. 6:218–231.
  • Lopes VM, Lopes AR, Costa P, Rosa R. 2013. Cephalopods as vectors of harmful algal bloom toxins in marine food webs. Mar Drugs. 11:3381–3409.
  • Maneiro E, Victorio R, Costas E, Hernandez JM. 2008. Shellfish consumption: a major risk factor for colorectal cancer. Med Hypothesis. 70:409–412.
  • Manfrin C, Dreos R, Battistella S, Beran A, Gerdol M, Varotto L, Lanfranchi G, Venier P, Pallavicini A. 2010. Mediterranean mussel gene expression profile induced by okadaic acid exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 44:8276–8283.
  • Moroño A, Arévalo F, Fernández ML, Maneiro J, Pazos Y, Salgado C, Blanco J. 2003. Accumulation and transformation of DSP toxins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis during a toxic episode caused by Dinophysis acuminata. Aquat Toxicol. 62:269–280.
  • Munday R. 2014. Toxicology of seafood toxins: A critical review. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology, and detection. In Botana LM, editor. Seafood and freshwater toxins: pharmacology, physiology and detection. 3rd ed. New York (NY): CRC Press, Taylor and Francis; p. 197–290.
  • Munday R, Thomas K, Gibbs R, Murphy C, Quilliam MA. 2013. Acute toxicities of saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, decarbamoyl saxitoxin and gonyautoxins 1&4 and 2&3 to mice by various routes of administration. Toxicon. 76:77–83.
  • Navarro JM, Contreras AM. 2010. An integrative response by Mytilus chilensis to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Mar Biol. 157:1967–1974.
  • Perez S, Vale C, Botana AM, Alonso E, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. 2011. Determination of toxicity equivalent factors for paralytic shellfish toxins by electrophysiological measurements in cultured neurons. Chem Res Toxicol. 24:1153–1157.
  • Petitpas CM, Turner JT, Deeds JR, Keafer BA, McGillicuddy DJ, Milligan PJ, Shue V, White KD, Anderson DM. 2014. PSP Toxin Levels and Plankton Community Composition and Abundance in Size- Fractionated Vertical Profiles During Spring/ Summer Blooms of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank, 2007, 2008, and 2010:2. Plankton community composition and abundante. Deep-Sea Research II. 103:350–367.
  • Picot C, Limon G, Durand G, Parent-Massin D, Roudot A-C. 2013. Probabilistic dietary exposure to phycotoxins in a recreational shellfish harvester subpopulation (France). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 23:435–441.
  • Picot C, Nguyen TA, Roudot AC, Parent-Massin D. 2011. A preliminary risk assessment of human exposure to phycotoxins in shellfish: a review, human and ecological risk assessment. Int J. 17:328–366.
  • Reboreda A, Lago J, Chapela M-J, Vieites JM, Botana LM, Alfonso A, Cabado AG. 2010. Decrease of marine toxin content in bivalves by industrial processes. Toxicon. 55:235–243.
  • Reguera B, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Díaz PA, Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Blanco J. 2014. Dinophysis toxins: causative organisms, distribution and fate in shellfish. Mar Drugs. 12:394–461.
  • Rodrigues SM, Vale P, Botelho MJ, Gomes SS. 2009. Extraction recoveries and stability of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in naturally contaminated samples. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 26:229–235.
  • Rodríguez P, Alfonso A, Botana AM, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. 2010. Comparative analysis of pre- and post-column oxidation methods for detection of paralytic shellfish toxins. Toxicon. 56:448–457.
  • Rossignoli A, Fernández D, Regueiro J, Mariño C, Blanco J. 2011. Esterification of okadaic acid in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon. 57:712–720.
  • Sassolas A, Catanante G, Hayat A, Stewart LD, Elliott CT, Marty JL. 2013. Improvement of the efficiency and simplification of ELISA tests for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of okadaic acid in shellfish. Food Control. 30:144–149.
  • Seguel M, Sfeir A. 2010. Distribution of marine toxins and cysts of dinoflagellates in western channels of the region of Aysén. Cienc Tecnol. 33:43–55.
  • Shumway S. 1995. Phycotoxin‐related shellfish poisoning: Bivalve molluscs are not the only vectors. Rev Fish Sci. 3:1–31.
  • Smienk H, Domínguez, E, Rodríguez-Velasco M, Clarke D, Kapp K, Katikou P, Cabado A, Otero A, Vieites JM, Razquin P, Mata L. 2013. Quantitative determination of the okadaic acid toxins group by a colorimetric phosphatase inhibition assay: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int. 96: 77–85.
  • Torgersen T, Sandvik M, Lundve B, Lindegarth S. 2008. Profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid group toxins and pectenotoxins during toxin depuration. Part II: blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). Toxicon. 52:418–427.
  • Turner AD, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Algoet M, Suarez-Isla BA, Cordova M, Caceres C, Murphy CJ, Casey M, Lees DN. 2012. Investigations into matrix components affecting the performance of the official bioassay reference method for quantitation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in oysters. Toxicon. 59:215–230.
  • Van de Riet J, Gibbs RS, Muggah PM, Rourke WA, Macneil JD, Quilliam MA. 2011. Liquid chromatography post-column oxidation (PCOX) method for the determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops: collaborative study. J AOAC Int. 94:1154−1176.
  • Varela D, Paredes J, Alves-de-Souza C, Seguel M, Sfeir A, Frangópulos M. 2012. Intraregional variation among Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) strains from southern Chile: Morphological, toxicological and genetic Diversity. Harmful Algae. 15:8–18.
  • Wallace CA, Holyoak L, Powell SC, Dykes FC. 2014. HACCP - The difficulty with Hazard Analysis. Food Control. 35:233–240.
  • Wiese M, D’Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA. 2010. Neurotoxic alkaloids: saxitoxin and its analogs. Mar Drugs. 8:2185–2211.
  • Zamorano R, Marín M, Cabrera F, Figueroa D, Contreras C, Barriga A, Lagos N, García C. 2013. Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 30:1660–1677.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.