446
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nitrofurazone quantification in milk at the European Union minimum required performance limit of 1 ng g−1: circumventing the semicarbazide problem

, &
Pages 1324-1336 | Received 12 May 2016, Accepted 01 Jul 2016, Published online: 25 Jul 2016

References

  • Abernethy GA. 2015. Generation of semicarbazide from natural azine development in foods, followed by reaction with urea compounds. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 32:1416–1430.
  • Abernethy G, Higgs K. 2013. Lactose semicarbazone as a marker for semicarbazide adulteration in milk. J Chromatogr A. 1295:152–155.
  • Bendall JG. 2009. Semicarbazide is non-specific as a marker metabolite to reveal nitrofurazone abuse as it can form under Hofmann conditions. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 26:47–56.
  • Cannavan A, Kay JF, Le Bizec B. 2012. Chemical analysis of antibiotic residues in food. In: Wang J, MacNeil JD, Kay JF, editors. Quality assurance and quality control. In. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; p. 327–345.
  • Carrez C. 1909. Défécation du lait pour le dosage du lactose par les liqueurs cupriques [Clarification of milk for the determination of lactose by cupric reagents]. Chimie Analytique. 14:187–188. French.
  • Chmielowski W, Rak L, Ratyni-Sahaj E. 1988. Oznaczanie poziomu pozostałości nitrofurazone w mleku metodq chromatografii gazowej [Determination of nitrofurazone residues in milk by a gas chromatography]. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 44:671–674. Polish. (Note that a typographical error in the English abstract shows the LOD as being 0.0005 mg kg−1, rather than the 0.005 mg kg−1 described in the body of the text).
  • Chu P-S, Lopez MI. 2007. Determination of nitrofuran residues in milk of dairy cows using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 55:2129–2135.
  • Chu P-S, Lopez MI, Abraham A, El Said KR, Plakas SM. 2008. Residue depletion of nitrofuran drugs and their tissue-bound metabolites in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after oral dosing. J Agric Food Chem. 56:8030–8034.
  • Cooper KM, Mulder PPJ, van Rhijn JA, Kovacsics L, McCracken RJ, Young PB, Kennedy DG. 2005. Depletion of four nitrofuran antibiotics and their tissue-bound metabolites in porcine tissues and determination using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV. Food Addit Contam. 22:406–414.
  • European Commission. 1990. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 of 26 June 1990 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off J Eur Commun. L 224:1–8.
  • European Commission. 1993. Council regulation (EEC) No 2901/93 of 18 October 1993 amending Annexes I, II, III, and IV to regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off J Eur Commun. L 264:1–4.
  • European Commission. 2002. 2002/657/EC: Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Off J Eur Commun. L 221:8–36.
  • European Commission. 2003. 2003/181/EC: commission Decision of 13 March 2003 amending Decision 2002/657/EC as regards the setting of minimum required performance limits (MRPLs) for certain residues in food of animal origin. Off J Eur Commun. L 071:17–18.
  • European Commission. 2012. Final report of an audit carried out in New Zealand from 10 to 20 September 2012 in order to evaluate the monitoring of residues and contaminants in live animals and animal products, including controls on veterinary medicinal products [Internet]. [ cited 2016 May 11]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fvo/act_getPDF.cfm?PDF_ID=10088
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2015. Scientific Opinion on nitrofurans and their metabolites in food. EFSA Journal. 13:4140.
  • Gatermann R, Hoenicke K, Mandix M. 2004. Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) from natural compounds in food by heat treatment. Czech J Food Sci. 22:353–354.
  • Glaser JA, Foerst DL, McKee GD, Quave SA, Budde WL. 1981. Trace analyses for wastewaters. Env Sci Technol. 15:1426–1435.
  • Hawkins GE, Paar GE, Cannon RY. 1961. Concentrations and percentage recovery of furacin in milk following intramammary infusions. J Dairy Sci. 44:2212–2217.
  • Heberer T, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schafft H, Abraham K, Pzyrembel H, Henning KJ, Schauzu M, Braeunig J, Goetz M, Niemanni L, et al. 2007. Zero tolerances in food and animal feed – Are there any scientific alternatives? A European point of view on an international controversy. Toxicol Lett. 175:118–135.
  • Hiraku Y, Sekine A, Nabeshi H, Midorikawa K, Murata M, Kumagai Y, Kawanishi S. 2004. Mechanism of carcinogenesis induced by a veterinary antimicrobial drug, nitrofurazone, via oxidative DNA damage and cell proliferation. Cancer Lett. 215:141–150.
  • Hoenicke K, Gatermann R. 2006. How can zero tolerances be controlled? The case study of nitrofurans. Accred Qual Assur. 11:29–32.
  • Hoenicke K, Gatermann R, Hartig L, Mandix M, Otte S. 2004. Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse? Food Addit Contam. 21:526–537.
  • [IDF] International Dairy Federation. 2015. IDF Factsheet. Why semicarbazide is not a suitable marker for nitrofurazone in dairy products [Internet]. [ cited 2016 May 11]. Available from: http://www.fil-idf.org/Files/media/Factsheets/semicarbazide20150709.pdf
  • Kuhn TW. 2014. Contaminants from natural and food processing sources. Paper presented at: International Symposium on Food Safety and Quality; Vienna. [Internet]. 2014 Nov 12. [ cited 2016 May 11]. Available from: http://www-pub.iaea.org/iaeameetings/cn222pn/Session4/4-02-IAEA-CN-222-208-Kuhn-Austria.pdf
  • Leitner A, Zöllner P, Lindner W. 2001. Determination of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 939:49–58.
  • Maquenne and Goodman. 1904. Sur les semicarbazones des sucres reducteurs [On the semicarbazones of reducing sugars]. Bull Soc Chim (Paris). 31:1075–1078. French.
  • Morris JE, Price JM, Lalich JJ, Stein RJ. 1969. The carcinogenic activity of some 5-nitrofuran derivatives in the rat. Cancer Res. 29:2145–2156.
  • Noa M, Perez N, Gutierrez R, Escobar I, Diaz G, Vega S, Prado G, Urban G. 2002. Stability of sulfonamides, nitrofurans, and chloramphenicol residues in preserved raw milk samples measured by liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int. 85:1415–1419.
  • O’Brien J, Renwick AG, Constable A, Dybing E, Müller DJG, Schlatter J, Slob W, Tueting W, van Benthem J, Williams GM, Wolfreys A. 2006. Approaches to the risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens in food: A critical appraisal. Food Chem Toxicol. 44:1613–1635.
  • Peng T, Chu X, Yang Q, Li G, Li J, Li C. 2005. Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in milk powder by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Chin J Anal Chem. 33:1073–1076.
  • Perez N, Gutierrez R, Noa M, Diaz G, Luna H, Escobar I, Munive Z. 2002. Liquid chromatographic determination of multiple sulfonamides, nitrofurans, and chloramphenicol residues in pasteurized milk. J AOAC Int. 85:20–24.
  • Pyenson H, Tracy PH. 1946. A spectrophotometric study of the changes in peroxide value of spray-dried whole milk powder during storage. J Dairy Sci. 29:1–12.
  • Quilliam MA, McCarry BE, Hoo KH, McCalla DR, Vaitekunas S. 1987. Identification of the photolysis products of nitrofurazone irradiated with laboratory illumination. Can J Chem. 65:1128–1132.
  • Rodziewicz L. 2008. Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in milk by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 864:156–160.
  • Ryan JJ, Lee YC, Dupont JA, Charbonneau CF. 1975. A screening method for determining nitrofuran drug residues in animal tissues. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 58:1227–1231.
  • Shestakov T. 1905. The effect of hypochlorites on urea and a new synthesis of hydrazine. Zhurnal Russkago Fiziko-Khimicheskago Obshchestva. 37:1–7. Also abstracted in: Schestakow P (sic). 1905. Über die einwirkung von unterchlorigsauren salzen auf harnstoff und eine neue hydrazinsynthese. Chemisches Central-Blatt. 76(I):1227–1228.
  • Smith DJ, Paulson GD, Larsen GL. 1998. Distribution of radiocarbon after intramammary, intrauterine, or ocular treatment of lactating cows with carbon-14 nitrofurazone. J Dairy Sci. 81:979–988.
  • Stadler RH, Verzegnassi L, Seefelder W, Racault L. 2015. Why semicarbazide (SEM) is not an appropriate marker for the usage of nitrofurazone on agricultural animals. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 32:1842–1850.
  • Stillman WB, Scott AB, inventors; Eaton Laboratories, Inc., assignee. 1947 Feb 18. Series of nitrofuran compounds. United States Patent US 2,416,234.
  • Taylor JK. 1987. Quality assurance of chemical measurements. 75–93. Chapter 9, Principles of measurement. Chelsea (MI): Lewis Publishers.
  • Van Poucke C, Detavernier C, Wille M, Kwakman J, Sorgeloos P, Van Peteghem C. 2011. Investigation into the possible natural occurrence of semicarbazide in Macrobrachium rosenbergii prawns. J Agric Food Chem. 59:2107–2112.
  • Vilim AB, MacIntosh AI. 1979. High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of nitrofurazone in milk. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 62:19–22.
  • Walker MJ, Gray K. 2013. Quis custodiet – a review of the resolution of disputed chemical results in the UK official feed and food control system 2010 – 2011. J Assoc Public Anal (Online). 41:1–27.
  • Wang Y, Jester ELE, El Said KR, Abraham A, Hooe-Rollman J, Plakas SM. 2010. Cyano metabolite as a biomarker of nitrofurazone in channel catfish. J Agric Food Chem. 58:313–316.
  • [WHO] World Health Organisation. 1993. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. Fortieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 832. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO.
  • Zhang S, Guo Y, Yan Z, Sun X, Zhang X. 2015. A selective biomarker for confirming nitrofurazone residues in crab and shrimp using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 407:8971–8977.
  • Zhang X, Chen S, Xu H, Zhang S, Yan Z, Wang J. 2016. Identification and occurrence of endogenous semicarbazide in prawns and crabs from Zhejiang province, China. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 33:252–258.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.