UK dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDD/Fs, PBBs and PBDEs: comparison of results from 24-h duplicate diets and total diet studies

References

• Ankarberg E, Aune M, Concha G, Darnerud PO, Glynn A, Lignell S, Törnkvist A. 2007. Risk assessment of persistent chlorinated and brominated environmental pollutants in food: rapport 9. NFA Report 9/07. Uppsala: Swedish National Food Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Arnoldsson K, Andersson PL, Haglund P. 2012. Photochemical formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins from environmentally abundant hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol. 46:7567–7574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashizuka Y, Nakagawa R, Murata S, Yasutake D, Hori T, Horie M, Nishioka C, Takahashi T, Tamura I, Teshirogi T, Sasaki K. 2007. Daily intake of brominated dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers estimated by market basket study. Organohalogen Compd. 69:2769–2772.
   Google Scholar
• Baars AJ, Bakker MI, Baumann RA, Boon PE, Freijer JI, Hoogenboom LAP, Hoogerbrugge R, van Klaveren JD, Liem AKD, Traag WA, de Vries J. 2004. Dioxins, dioxin-like pcbs and non-dioxin-like pcbs in foodstuffs: occurrence and dietary intake in the netherlands. Toxicol. Lett. 151:51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard A, Hermans C, Broeckaert F, De Poorter G, De Cock A, Houins G. 1999. Food contamination by PCBs and dioxins. Nature. 401:231–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell L, Fernandes A, Rose M, Harrad S, Pless-Mulloli T. 2014. PBDEs and PBBs in human serum and breast milk from cohabiting UK couples. Chemosphere. 116:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell L, Glinianaia SV, Rankin J, Rose M, Fernandes A, Harrad S, Pless-Mulolli T. 2016. Associations between human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via diet and indoor dust, and internal dose: a systematic review. Environ Int. 92–93:680–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun Bremnes N, Småstuen Haug L, Broadwell SL, Becher G. 2012. Interlaboratory comparison on POPs in food 2012. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs OJ (2006) L364/5.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EC) No. 565/2008 of 18 June 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards the establishment of a maximum level for dioxins and PCBs in fish liver OJ (2008) L 160/20.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/704 of 30 April 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 as regards the maximum level of non-dioxin-like PCBs in wild caught spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) OJ (2015) L 113/27.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1067/2013 of 30 October 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of the contaminants dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in liver of terrestrial animals OJ (2013) L 289/56.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1259/2011 of 2nd December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in food stuffs OJ (2008) L320/18.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 420/2011 of 29 April 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs OJ (2011) L 111/3.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 589/2014 of 2 June 2014 laying down methods of sampling and analysis for the control of levels of dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in certain foodstuffs and repealing Regulation (EU) No. 252/2012 OJ (2014) L 164/18.
   Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 594/2012 of 5 July 2012 amending Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 as regards the maximum levels of the contaminants ochratoxin A, non-dioxin-like PCBs and melamine in foodstuffs OJ (2012) L 176/43.
   Google Scholar
• COT. 2001. Statement on the tolerable daily intake for dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. London: Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• COT. 2006. Statement on halogenated contaminants in shellfish and fish. London: Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Council Regulation (EC) No. 2375/2001 of 29 November 2001 amending Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs OJ (2001) L321/1.
   Google Scholar
• D’Silva K, Fernandes A, Rose M. 2004. Brominated organic micro-pollutants – igniting the flame retardant issue. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 34:141–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEC. 2013. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1067/2013 of 30 October 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of the contaminants dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in liver of terrestrial animals. Off J Eur Union. 289:56.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2005. Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food Chain on a request from the commission related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. EFSA J. 3:1–137.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2010. Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM): scientific opinion on polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in food. EFSA J. 8:1789–1940.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2011. Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM): scientific opinion on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J. 9:2156–2430.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2012. Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed. EFSA J. 10:82.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA, FAO, WHO. 2011. Towards a harmonised total diet study approach: a guidance document. EFSA J. 9:2450–2516.
   Google Scholar
• Favre HA, Powell WH. 2013. Nomenclature of organic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations and preferred names 2013. London: RSC Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes A, Dicks P, Mortimer D, Gem M, Smith F, Driffield M, White S, Rose M. 2008. Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, PCBs and brominated flame retardants in Scottish shellfish: methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure. Mol Nut Food Res. 52:238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes A, Rose M, Smith F, Holland M. 2012. Organic environmental contaminants in the 2012 total diet study samples. Report to the Food Standards Agency. York: Fera.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes A, White S, D’Silva K, Rose M. 2004. Simultaneous determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and PBDEs in food. Talanta. 63:1147–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromme H, Korner W, Shahin N, Wanner A, Albrecht M, Boehmer S, Parlar H, Mayer R, Liebl B, Bolte G. 2009. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany. Environ Int. 35:1125–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FSA. 2003. Food surveillance information sheet 38/03. London: Food Standard Agency.
   Google Scholar
• FSA. 2006. Food surveillance information sheet 10/06. London: Food Standards Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Harrad S, de Wit CA, Abdallah MA, Bergh C, Bjorklund JA, Covaci A, Darnerud PO, de Boer J, Diamond M, Huber S, et al. 2010. Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people? Environ Sci Technol. 44:3221–3231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad S, Diamond M. 2006. New directions: exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): current and future scenarios. Atmos Environ. 40:1187–1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad S, Wang Y, Sandaradura S, Leeds A. 2003. Human dietary intake and excretion of dioxin-like compounds. J Environ Monitor. 5:224-228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrad S, Wijesekera R, Hunter S, Halliwell C, Baker R. 2004. Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol. 38:2345–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson L, Gregory J, Swan G. 2002. The national diet and nutrition survey. London (UK): TS Office.
   Google Scholar
• Huwe J. 2012. Historic and newer persistant organic pollutants in food. In: Schecter A, editor. Dioxins and health – including other persistant organic pollutants and endrocrine distruptors. 3rd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• JEFCA. 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on food additives, 57th meeting, Summary and Conclusions; 2001 Jun 5–14; Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Llobet JM, Martí-Cid R, Castell V, Domingo JL. 2008. Significant decreasing trend in human dietary exposure to pcdd/pcdfs and pcbs in catalonia, spain. Toxicol Lett. 178:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer D, Acheampong R, Fernandes A, Rose M. 2013. Consumer exposure to chlorinated and brominated dioxins and biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers: new UK total diet study. Organohalogen Compd. 74:1138–1141.
   Google Scholar
• PHE. 2014. National diet and nutrition survey: results from years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the rolling programme (2008/2009–2011/2012). London: Public Health England.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt I, Anderson W, Crowley D, Daly S, Evans R, Fernandes A, Fitzgerald M, Geary M, Keane D, Morrison JJ, et al. 2013. Brominated and fluorinated organic pollutants in the breast milk of first-time Irish mothers: is there a relationship to levels in food? Food Additives Contaminants Part A. 30:1788–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose M. 2015. Risk assessment for dioxins and related compounds. In: Alaee M, editors.  Dioxin and related compounds: special volume in Honor of Otto Hutzinger. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• SCF. 2001. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on food on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/20 FINAL, Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Sjödin A, Patterson DG Jr, Bergman Å. 2003. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants – particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Int. 29:829–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tard A, Gallotti S, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2006. Dioxins, furans and dioxin-Like PCBs: dietary intake in France. Food Add Contam. 24:1007–1017.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld ATC, Brunström B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanberg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T. 1998. Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs PCDDs and PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ Health Persp. 106:775–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, et al. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci. 93:223–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg M, Denison MS, Birnbaum LS, DeVito MJ, Fiedler H, Falandysz J, Rose M, Schrenk D, Safe S, Tohyama C, et al. 2013. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls: inclusion in the toxicity equivalency factor concept for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci. 133:197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster L, Roose P, Bersuder B, Kotterman M, Haarich M, Vorkamp K. 2013. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment and biota. ICES Tech Marine Environ Sci.  No. 53. Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Windal I, Vandevijvere S, Maleki M, Goscinny S, Vinkx C, Focant JF, Eppe G, Hanot V, Van Loco J. 2010. Dietary intake of pcdd/fs and dioxin-like pcbs of the belgian population. Chemosphere. 79:334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter-Sorkina Rd, Bakker M, Wolterink G, Zeijlmaker M. 2006. Brominated flame retardents: occurence, dietary intake and risk assessment. RIVM Report 320100002, Bilthoven.
   Google Scholar
• Zeilmaker MJ, Bokkers BGH, Noorlander CW, JDt Biesebeek, Jekel AA, Schothorst RC. 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence in Dutch duplicate diets and comparison with exposure from European house dust. RIVM Report 320100003, Bilthoven.
   Google Scholar