Non-targeted workflow for identification of antimicrobial compounds in animal feed using bioassay-directed screening in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry

References

• Barra Caracciolo A, Topp E, Grenni P. 2015. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 106:25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendsen BJA, Meijer T, Wegh R, Mol HGJ, Smyth WG, Armstrong Hewitt S, Van Ginkel L, Nielen MWF. 2016. A critical assessment of the performance criteria in confirmatory analysis for veterinary drug residue analysis using mass spectrometric detection in selected reaction monitoring mode. Drug Test Anal. 8:477–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boix C, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, León N, Yusá V, Hernández F. 2014. Qualitative screening of 116 veterinary drugs in feed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: potential application to quantitative analysis. Food Chem. 160:313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borràs S, Companyó R, Granados M, Guiteras J, Pérez-Vendrell AM, Brufau J, Medina M, Bosch J. 2011. Analysis of antimicrobial agents in animal feed. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem. Aug;30:1042–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabander HFD. 2009. Residue analysis: future trends from a historical perspective. J Chromatogr A. 1216:7964–7976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Kang M, Chen Z, Li L, Cui M, Chen M, Zhang H, Wang Y. 2014. Determination of five quaternary ammonium compounds in foodstuffs using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods. 6:4790–4796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. Chemspider search and share chemistry. May 5. Available from: //www.chemspider.com/
   Google Scholar
• Chitescu C, Oosterink E, Jong J, Stolker A. 2012. Accurate mass screening of pharmaceuticals and fungicides in water by U-HPLC–Exactive Orbitrap MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 403:2997–3011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čítek J, Stupka R, Okrouhlá M, Vehovský K, Brzobohatý L, Šprysl M, Stádník L. 2015. Effects of dietary linseed and corn supplement on the fatty acid content in the pork loin and backfat tissue. Czech J Anim Sci. 60:319–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission Decision. 2002. 2002/657/EC. Off J Eur Comm L 221, 8–36.
   Google Scholar
• Cromwell GL. 2002. WHY AND HOW ANTIBIOTICS ARE USED IN SWINE PRODUCTION. Anim Biotechnol. 13:7–27. 2013 Mar 24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Food Safety A. 2013. Evaluation of monitoring data on residues of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC). EFSA Supporting Publications. 10:n/a-n/a.
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety A. 2014. Reasoned opinion on the dietary risk assessment for proposed temporary maximum residue levels (MRLs) of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC). EFSA J. 12:n/a-n/a.
   Google Scholar
• Hur JM, Shim JS, Jung HJ, Kwon HJ. 2015. Cryptotanshinone but not tanshinone IIA inhibits angiogenesis in vitro. Exp Mol Med. 37:133–137.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings MC, Ator LE, Paniak TJ, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. 2014. Biofilm-eradicating properties of quaternary ammonium amphiphiles: simple mimics of antimicrobial peptides. ChemBioChem. 15:2211–2215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaklamanos G, Vincent U, Von Holst C. 2013. Analysis of antimicrobial agents in pig feed by liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1293:60–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Walker S, Widmer M. 2011. Development of an improved high resolution mass spectrometry based multi-residue method for veterinary drugs in various food matrices. Anal Chim Acta. 700:86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss M, Singer H, Hollender J. 2010. LC–high resolution MS in environmental analysis: from target screening to the identification of unknowns. Anal Bioanal Chem. 397:943–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kümmerer K. 2003. Significance of antibiotics in the environment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 52:5–7. Jul 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bizec B, Pinel G, Antignac J-P. 2009. Options for veterinary drug analysis using mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1216:8016–8034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León N, Roca M, Igualada C, Martins CPB, Pastor A, Yusá V. 2012. Wide-range screening of banned veterinary drugs in urine by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1258:55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lommen A. 2009. Metalign: interface-driven, versatile metabolomics tool for hyphenated full-scan mass spectrometry data preprocessing. Anal Chem. 81:3079–3086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lommen A. 2012. Plant metabolomics. In: Nigel WH, Robert DH, editors. Plant metabolomics. New York (NY): Springer; p. 229–253.
   Google Scholar
• Lommen A, Kools H. 2012. MetAlign 3.0: performance enhancement by efficient use of advances in computer hardware. Metabolomics. 8:719–726. Aug 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lommen A, Van Der Kamp HJ, Kools HJ, Van Der Lee MK, Van Der Weg G, Mol HGJ. 2012. metAlignID: a high-throughput software tool set for automated detection of trace level contaminants in comprehensive LECO two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A. 1263:169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarkerLynx [Internet]. 2016. Waters. Jul 15. Available from: http://www.waters.com/waters/en_US/MarkerLynx-/nav.htm?cid=513801
   Google Scholar
• Nielen MWF. 2007. Screening and confirmation criteria for hormone residue analysis using liquid chromatography accurate mass time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and orbitrap mass spectrometry techniques. Anal Chim Acta. 586:122–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nõlvak H, Truu M, Tiirik K, Oopkaup K, Sildvee T, Kaasik A, Mander T, Truu J. 2013. Dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes and their relationships with system treatment efficiency in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Sci Total Environ. 461-462:636–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmquist DL. 2009. Omega-3 fatty acids in metabolism, health, and nutrition and for modified animal product foods. Prof Anim Scientist. 25:207–249.
   Google Scholar
• Peters RJB. 2009. Multi-residue screening of veterinary drugs in egg, fish and meat using high-resolution liquid chromatography accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1216:8206–8216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikkemaat MG. 2009. Microbial screening methods for detection of antibiotic residues in slaughter animals. Anal Bioanal Chem. 395:893–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikkemaat MG, Dijk SO-V, Schouten J, Rapallini M, van Egmond HJ. 2008. A new microbial screening method for the detection of antimicrobial residues in slaughter animals: the Nouws antibiotic test (NAT-screening). Food Control. 19:781–789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission  Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. 2003. Off J Eur Comm L 268, 29–43.
   Google Scholar
• Seto C, Grossert JS, Waddell DS, Curtis JM, Boyd RK. 1999. Studies of mixed-site and charge-site-remote fragmentations of quaternary ammonium ions. II: effects of chain length12. Int J Mass Spectrom. 188:27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto C, Grossert JS, Waddell DS, Curtis JM, Boyd RK. 2001. Effects of ionization mode on charge-site-remote and related fragmentation reactions of long-chain quaternary ammonium ions. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 12:571–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Z, He J, Yao T, Chang W, Zhao M. 2005. Simultaneous determination of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations containing Radix salvia miltiorrhiza by HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 37:481–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolker AAM, Rutgers P, Oosterink E, Lasaroms JJP, Peters RJB, Rhijn JA, Nielen MWF. 2008. Comprehensive screening and quantification of veterinary drugs in milk using UPLC–ToF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 391:2309–2322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan J, Gabryelski W. 2006. Structural identification of highly polar nontarget contaminants in drinking water by ESI-FAIMS-Q-TOF-MS. Anal Chem. 78:2905–2917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thermo Scientific SIEVE Software for Differential Expression Analysis [Internet]. 2016. Thermo Scientific. Jul 15. Available from: http://www.thermo.com/eThermo/CMA/PDFs/Various/File_53659.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tischer M, Pradel G, Ohlsen K, Holzgrabe U. 2012. Quaternary ammonium salts and their antimicrobial potential: targets or nonspecific interactions? ChemMedChem. 7:22–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zedda M, Zwiener C. 2012. Is nontarget screening of emerging contaminants by LC-HRMS successful? A plea for compound libraries and computer tools. Anal Bioanal Chem. 403:2493–2502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng CJ, Yoo J-S, Lee T-G, Cho H-Y, Kim Y-H, Kim W-G. 2005. Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids. FEBS Lett. 579:5157–5162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu YG, Johnson TA, Su JQ, Qiao M, Guo GX, Stedtfeld RD, Hashsham SA, Tiedje JM. 2013. Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110:3435–3440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar