Exposure estimates of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products by the U.S. population

References

• Andrée S, Jira W, Schwind KH, Wagner H, Schwägele F. 2010. Chemical safety of meat and meat products. Meat Sci. 86:38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassens RG. 1997. Residual nitrite in cured meat. Food Technol. 51:53–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1129/2011of 11 November 2011. Off J Eur Union. 54:L.295/177. Available fromhttp://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:295:0001:0177:en:PDF
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2003. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from the Commission related to the effects of Nitrites/Nitrates on the Microbiological Safety of Meat Products. EFSA J. 14:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2008. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a Request from the European Commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables. EFSA J. 689:1–79.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2017a. Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. EFSA J. 15:4786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2017b. Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA J. 15:4787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangolli SD, Van Den Brandt PA, Feron VJ, Janzowsky C, Koeman JH, Speijers GJ, Spiegelhalder B, Walker R, Wisnok JS. 1994. Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds. Eur J Pharmacol. 292:1–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist M, Winyard PG, Benjamin N. 2010. Dietary nitrate–good or bad? Nitric Oxide. 22:104–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermeyer M, Roth A, Guth S, Diel P, Engel KH, Epe B, Furst P, Heinz V, Humpf HU, Joost HG, et al.2015. Nitrate and nitrite in the diet: how to assess their benefit and risk for human health. Mol Nutr Food Res. 59:106–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honikel KO. 2008. The use and control of nitrate and nitrite for processing of meat products. Meat Sci. 78:68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 2010. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. v. 94. Ingested Nitrates and Nitrites, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol94/mono94.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. 2015. IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat (WHO Press Release, 2015Oct26). Available from: http://www.uicc.org/iarc-monographs-evaluate-consumption-red-meat-and-processed-meat.
   Google Scholar
• Keeton JT, Osburn WN, Hardin MD, Bryan NS, Longnecker MT 2009. A National Survey of the Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Cured Meat Products and Non-meat Foods Available at Retail (National Pork Board Project #08-124). Available from: http://research.pork.org/FileLibrary/ResearchDocuments/08-124-KEETON-TxA-M.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lambe J, Kearney J, Leclercq C, Zunft HFJ, De Henauw S, Cje L-A, Dunne A, Gibney MJ. 2000. The influence of survey duration on estimates of food intakes and its relevance for public health nutrition and food safety issues. Eur J Clin Nutr. 54:166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson K, Darnerud PO, Iiback NG, Merion L. 2011. Estimated dietary intake of nitrite and nitrate in Swedish children. Food Addit Contam. 28:659–666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HS, Folmer DE 2008. Dietary exposure assessment to nitrite from consumption of cured meats. IFTNew Orleans, LA, June 28- July 1, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Leth T, Fagt S, Nielsen S, Andersen R. 2008. Nitrite and nitrate content in meat products and estimated intake in Denmark from 1998 to 2006. Food Addit Contam. 25:1237–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijinski W, Epstein SS. 1970. Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens. Nature. 225:21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijinsky W. 1976. Health problems associated with nitrites and nitrosamines. Ambio. 5:67–72.
   Google Scholar
• McKeith AG. 2014. Alternative Curing. Available from: http://porkgateway.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/alternative-curing-21.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Menard C, Heraud F, Volatier JL, Leblanc JC. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure of nitrate and nitrite in France. Food Addit Contam. 25:971–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino L, Darnerud PO, Toldra F, IIback NG. 2016. Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation. Food Addit Contam. 33:186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1981. The Health effects of nitrite, nitrate, and N-nitroso compounds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nuñez de González MT, Wn O, Hardin MD, Longnecker M, Garg HK, Bryan NS, Keeton JT. 2012. Survey of residual nitrite and nitrate in conventional and organic/natural/uncured/indirectly cured meats available at retail in the United States. J Agric Food Chem. 60:3981–3990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendrous R. 2016. Cured meat firms fear EC nitrite cuts. Available from:http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Food-Safety/Nitrite-cuts-feared-by-meat-firms
   Google Scholar
• Pennington JAT. 1998. Dietary exposure models for nitrates and nitrites. Food Control. 9:385–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinik M, Tamme T, Roasto M, Juhkam K, Jurtsenko S, Tenno T, Kiis A. 2005. Nitrites, nitrates and N-nitrosoamines in Estonian cured meat products: intake by Estonian children and adolescents. Food Addit Contam. 22:1098–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebranek JG, Bacus JN. 2007. Cured meat products without direct addition of nitrate or nitrite: what are the issues?Meat Sci. 77:136–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindelar JJ, Milkowski L2011. Sodium nitrite in processed meat and poultry meats: A review of curing and examining the risk/benefit of its use. AMSA White paper Series Number 3. Available from: http://www.eurocarne.com/daal?a1=informes&a2=2011-11-AMSA-Nitrite-White-Paper.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sindelar JJ, Milkowski L. 2012. Human safety controversies surrounding nitrate and nitrite in the diet. Nitric Oxide. 26:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suomi J, Ranta J, Tuominen P, Putkonen T, Bäckman C, Ovaskainen ML, Virtanen SM, Savela K. 2016. Quantitative risk assessment on the dietary exposure of Finnish children and adults to nitrite. Food Addit Contam. 33:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temme EH, Vandevijvere S, Vinkx C, Huybrechts I, Goeyens L, van Oyen H. 2011. Average daily nitrate and nitrite intake in the Belgian population older than 15 years. Food Addit Contam. 28:1193–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson BM, Nokes CJ, Cressey PJ. 2007. Intake and risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite from New Zealand foods and drinking water. Food Addit Contam. 24:113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA. 1995. Processing Inspectors’ Calculations Handbook (FSIS Directives/7620.3). Available from:http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/7d364131-137e-4da3-905b-fa240974a5a9/7620-3.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
   Google Scholar
• USDA. 2014. The USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies 2011-2012: documentation and user guide. Available from: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/fndds/fndds_2011_2012_doc.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walker R. 1990. Nitrates, nitrites, and N-nitroso compounds: a review of the occurrence in foods and diet and the toxicological implications. Food Addit Contam. 7:717–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JW. 1975. Relative significance of dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. J Agric Food Chem. 23:886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 1996. Nitrate. In: WHO food additives series 35, Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• 21 CFR 181.33. Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=181.33.
   Google Scholar
• 21 CFR 181.34. Sodium nitrite and potassium nitrite. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=181.34
   Google Scholar