Survey of roasted street-vended nuts in Sierra Leone for toxic metabolites of fungal origin

References

• Abdel-Gawad KM, Zohri AA. 1993. Fungal flora and mycotoxins of six kinds of nut seeds for human consumption in Saudi Arabia. Mycopathologia. 124:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abia WA, Warth B, Sulyok M, Krska R, Tchana AN, Njobeh PB, Dutton MF, Moundipa PF. 2013. Determination of multi-mycotoxin occurrence in cereals, nuts and their products in Cameroon by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Control. 31:438−453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebajo LO, Diyaolu SA. 2003. Mycology and spoilage of retail cashew nuts. Afr J Biotechnol. 2:369–373.
   Google Scholar
• Afolabi CG, Ezekiel CN, Kehinde IA, Olaolu AW, Ogunsanya OM. 2015. Contamination of groundnut in South-western Nigeria by aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in relation to processing. J Phytopathol. 163:279–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwakeel SS, Nasser LA. 2011. Microbial contamination and mycotoxins from nuts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Am J Food Technol. 6:613–630.
   Google Scholar
• Awuah RT, Kpodo KA. 1996. High incidence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in stored groundnut in Ghana and the use of microbial assay to assess the inhibitory effects of plant extracts on aflatoxin synthesis. Mycopathologia. 134:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayalew A, Hoffmann V, Lindahl J, Ezekiel CN. 2016. The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: the aflatoxin story. In: Covic N, Hendriks SL, Editors. Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: the road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition, ReSAKSS annual trends and outlook report 2015. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; p. 98–114.
   Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay R, Ortega-Beltran A, Akande A, Mutegi C, Atehnkeng J, Kaptoge L, Senghor AL, Adhikari BN, Cotty PJ. 2016. Biological control of aflatoxins in Africa: current status and potential challenges in the face of climate change. World Mycotoxin J. 9:771–789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankole SA, Adebanjo A. 2003. Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: current situation and possibilities of controlling it. Afr J Biotechnol. 2:254–263.
   Google Scholar
• Bankole SA, Ogunsanwo BM, Eseigbe DA. 2005. Aflatoxins in Nigerian dry roasted groundnuts. Food Chem. 89:503–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankole SA, Schollenberger M, Drochner W. 2006. Mycotoxins in food systems in sub Saharan Africa: a review. Mycotoxin Res. 22:163–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barro N, Quattara CA, Nikiema PA, Quattara AS, Traore AS. 2002. Microbial quality assessment of some street food widely consumed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sante. 12:369−374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bo Climate Normals 1961–1990. 2015. National oceanic and atmospheric administration. Retrieved April. 1:2015.
   Google Scholar
• De Girolamo A, Ciasca B, Stroka J, Bratinova S, Pascale M, Visconti A, Lattanzio VMT. 2017. Performance evaluation of LC-MS/MS methods for multi-mycotoxin determination in maize and wheat by means of international proficiency testing. Trends Anal Chem. 86:222–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ediage EN, Di Mavungu JD, Monbaliu S, Peteghem CV, De Saeger S. 2011. A validated multi analyte LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cassava flour, peanut cake and maize samples. J Agric Food Chem. 59:5173–5180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ediage EN, Hell K, De Saeger S. 2014. A comprehensive study to explore differences in mycotoxin patterns from agro-ecological regions through maize, peanut and cassava products: a case study, Cameroon. J Agric Food Chem. 62:4789–4797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2002. Commission Decision 2002/657 of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Off J Eur Union. L221:8−36.
   Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Ogara IM, Sulyok M, Warth B, Krska R. 2015. Fate of mycotoxins in two popular traditional cereal-based beverages (kunu-zaki and pito) from rural Nigeria. Food Sci Technol. 60:137–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Adetunji MC, Atanda OO, Frisvad JC, Houbraken J, Samson RA. 2014a. Phenotypic differentiation of species from Aspergillus section Flavi on neutral red desiccated coconut agar. World Mycotoxin J. 7:335–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Atehnkeng J, Odebode AC, Bandyopadhyay R. 2014b. Distribution of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi in commercial poultry feed in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol. 189:18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Misihairabgwi JM, Somorin YM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Oyedele OA, Abia WA, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. 2017. Traditionally processed beverages in Africa: a review of the mycotoxin occurrence patterns and exposure assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 17:334–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Kayode FO, Fapohunda SO, Olorunfemi MF, Kponi BT. 2012. Aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxins in street-vended snacks in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Food Saf. 14:83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Babalola DA, Warth B, Ezekiel VC, Krska R. 2013. Incidence and consumer awareness of toxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin B1 in peanut cake from Nigeria. Food Control. 30:596–601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freetown Climate Normals 1961–1990. 2016. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February. 7:2016.
   Google Scholar
• Frisvad JC, Houbraken J, Hubka V, Ezekiel CN, Novaková A, Chen AJ, Arzanlou M, Larsen TO, Sclenář F, Hong SB, et al. accepted. Aspergillus section Flavi species and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Stud Mycol.
   Google Scholar
• Gong YY, Wilson S, Mwatha JK, Routledge MN, Castelino JM, Zhao B, Kimani G, Kariuki HC, Vennervald BJ, Dunne DW, et al. 2012. Aflatoxin exposure may contribute to chronic hepatomegaly in Kenyan school children. Environ Health Perspect. 120:893–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2015. Mycotoxin control in low- and middle-income countries. In: Wild CP, Miller JD, Groopman JD, Editors. IARC working group report No. 9. Lyon: WHO-IARC.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsyn FE. 1988. Seed borne fungi of sesame (Sesamum indicum L) in Sierra Leone and their potential aflatoxin/mycotoxin production. Mycopathologia. 104:123–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsyn FE. 1989. Fungi associated with selected fermented foods in Sierra Leone. MIRCEN J. 5:457–462.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsyn FE, Lahai GP. 1992. Mycotoxic flora and mycotoxins in smoke dried fish from Sierra Leone. Die Nahrung. 36:485–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kayode OF, Sulyok M, Fapohunda SO, Ezekiel CN, Krska R, Oguntona CRB. 2013. Mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in groundnut- and maize-based snacks from Nigeria. Food Addit Contam B. 6:294–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Khan H, Delince H. 2005. DNA comet assay – a rapid screening method for detection of irradiated cereals and tree nuts. Food Control. 16:141–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamboni Y, Frisvad JC, Hell K, Linnemann AR, Nout RMJ, Tamo M, Nielsen KF, Van Boekel MAJS, Smid EJ. 2016. Occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi and section Nigri and aflatoxins in raw cashew kernels (Anacardium occidentale L.) from Benin. Food Sci Technol. 70:71–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malachová A, Sulyok M, Beltrán E, Berthiller F, Krska R. 2014. Optimization and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method covering 295 bacterial and fungal metabolites including all regulated mycotoxins in four model food matrices. J Chromatogr A. 1362:145–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malachova A, Sulyok M, Beltran E, Berthiller F, Krska R. 2015. Multi-toxin determination in food – the power of “dilute and shoot” approaches in LC-MS-MS. LCGC Eur. 28:542–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matumba L, Poucke CV, Monjerezi M, Ediage EN, De Saeger S. 2015. Concentrating aflatoxins on the domestic market through groundnut export: a focus on Malawian groundnut value and supply chain. Food Control. 51:236–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhome MAL, Lima CG, De Lima LK, Lima FAF, Sousa DOB, Nascimento RF. 2014. Occurrence of aflatoxins in cashew nuts produced in northeastern Brazil. Food Control. 42:34–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. 2017. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in southern Africa: a 10-year review (2007-2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mupunga I, Lebelo SL, Mngqawa P, Rheeder JP, Katerere DR. 2014. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut butter from Bulawoyo, Zimbabwe. J Food Protect. 77:1814–1818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nareen Q, Faqi A. 2013. Evaluation of fungal flora and mycotoxin in some important nut products in Erbil local markets. Res J Environ Earth Sci. 5:330–336.
   Google Scholar
• Ndung’u JW, Makokha AO, Onyango CA, Mutegi CK, Wagacha JM, Christie ME, Wanjoya AK. 2013. Prevalence and potential for aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts and peanut butter from farmers and traders in Nairobi and Nyanza provinces of Kenya. J Appl Biosci. 65:4922–4934.
   Google Scholar
• Ogunsanwo BM, Faboya OOP, Idowu OR, Lawal OS, Bankole SA. 2004. Effect of roasting on the aflatoxin contents of Nigeria peanut seeds. Afri J Biotechnol. 3:451–455.
   Google Scholar
• Oyedele AO, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Adetunji MC, Warth B, Atanda OO, Krska R. 2017. Mycotoxin risk assessment for consumers of groundnut in domestic markets in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol. 215:24–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadbad MRS, Ansarin M, Tahavori A, Ghaderi F, Nemati M. 2012. Determination of aflatoxins in nuts of Tabriz confectionaries by ELISA and HPLC methods. Adv Pharm Bull. 2:123–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Statistics Sierra Leone. 2016. 2015 Population and Housing Census; Summary of final results, planning a better future. Freetown: Statistics Sierra Leone; p. 97.
   Google Scholar
• Sulyok M, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. 2007. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric multi-mycotoxin method for the quantification of 87 analytes and its application to semi-quantitative screening of moldy food samples. Anal Bioanal Chem. 389:1505–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner PC, Moore SE, Hall AJ, Prentice AM, Wild CP. 2003. Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children. Environ Health Perspect. 111:217–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubwa T, Abah J, Atu BO, Tyohemba RL, Yande JT. 2014. Assessment of total aflatoxins level of two major nuts consumed in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 3:397–403.
   Google Scholar
• Warth B, Parich A, Atehnkeng J, Bandyopadhyay R, Schuhmacher R, Sulyok M, Krska R. 2012. Quantitation of mycotoxins in food and feed from Burkina Faso and Mozambique using a modern LC-MS/MS multitoxin method. J Agric Food Chem. 60:9352–9363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:1106–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanpanah H, Mohammadi T, Abouhossain G, Cheraghali AM. 2005. Effect of roasting on degradation of Aflatoxins in contaminated pistachio nuts. Food Chem Toxicol. 43:1135–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz I, Aluc M 2014. Determination of aflatoxin levels in cashews on Turkish markets. Foodbalt Conference Proceeding, 321–323.
   Google Scholar