References
- Almroth BMC, Astroem L, Roslund S, Petersson H, Johansson M, Persson NK. 2018. Quantifying shedding of synthetic fibers from textiles; a source of microplastics released into the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25:1191–1199.
- Au SY, Lee CM, Weinstein JE, van Den Hurk P, Klaine SJ. 2017. Trophic transfer of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems: identifying critical research needs. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 13:505–509.
- Beckman E 2018. The world of plastics in numbers, The conversation 2018, [accessed 2019 Jun]. http://theconversation.com/the-world-of-plastics-in-numbers-10029
- Besseling E, Redondo-Hasselerharm P, Foekema EM, Koelmans AA. 2019. Quantifying ecological risks of aquatic micro- and nanoplastic. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 49:32–80. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10643389.2018.1531688.
- Bosker T, Behrens P, Vijver MG. 2017. Determining global distribution of microplastics by combining citizen science and in-depth case studies. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 13:536–541.
- Boucher J, Friot D. 2017. Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources. Gland (Switzerland): IUCN.43pp. [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-002.pdf
- Breit AE. 2017. Putting the public on-trial: can citizens science data be used in litigation and regulation. Vill Envtl LJ. 28:163. [accessed Mar 2019]. https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1395&context=elj.
- Burns EEA, Boxall ABA. 2018. Microplastics in the aquatic environment: evidence for or against adverse impacts and major knowledge gaps. Environ Toxicol Chem. 37:2776–2796.
- Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS. 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull. 62:2588–2597.
- Diepens NJ, Koelmans AA. 2018. Accumulation of plastic debris and associated contaminants in aquatic food webs. Environ Sci Technol. 52:8510–8520.
- [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency. 2017. European Union observatory for nanomaterials: risk assessment of nanomaterials – further considerations https://euon.echa.europa.eu/documents/23168237/24095644/nano_in_brief_en.pdf/295c5f46-0f1e-4ad5-72a5-81c44b45bdd5
- [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency. 2019. European chemicals agency: the problem with microplastics [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/microplastics
- [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2016. Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. EFSA J. 14:4501.
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2016. The new plastics economy. [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/EllenMacArthurFoundation_TheNewPlasticsEconomy_Pages.pdf
- Emans T. 2018. Presentation at JRC seminar on sustainability and impacts of plastics. Brussels. 28.November.
- European Commission. 2008. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine strategy framework directive)
- European Commission. 2015. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European Economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: closing the loop – An EU action plan for the circular economy, COM ( 2015) 614
- European Commission. 2017. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: commission work programme 2018, COM( 2017) 650
- European Commission. 2018a. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: a European strategy for plastics in a circular economy, COM ( 2018) 28 final
- European Commission. 2018b. Proposal for a directive of the European parliament and of the council on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment, COM ( 2018) 340 final
- European Commission. 2018c. Report from the commission to the European parliament and the council on the impact on the use of oxo-degradable plastic, including oco-degradable plastic carrier bags, on the environment, COM ( 2018) 35 final
- European Commission. 2018d. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: a sustainable bioeconomy for Europe, strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment, COM ( 2018) 673 final
- European Commission. 2019. European Strategy for Plastics - voluntary pledges. [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/growth/item-detail.cfm?item_id=638614, 2018 Nov 28
- Galgani F, Hanke G, Maes T. 2015. Global distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, editors. Marine anthropogenic litter. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; p. 29–56.
- [GESAMP] Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. 2019. Joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection: sources, fates and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment (Kershaw PJ, Rochman CM, Eds.), GESAMP reports and studies number 93, 220 p (2016); [accessed 2019 Feb]. http://www.gesamp.org/news/newly-published-report-on-microplastics.
- Global Plastics Alliance. 2011. Declaration of the global plastics associations for solutions on Marine Litter, [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://www.marinelittersolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/MLS-Declaration-2016_V3-002.pdf/
- Hann S, Sherrington C, Jamieson O, Hickman M, Bapasola A 2018. Investigating options for reducing releases in the aquatic environment of microplastics emitted by products, eunomia research and consulting, report for DG environment of the European commission: measuring the impacts of microplastics [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://www.eunomia.co.uk/reports-tools/investigating-options-for-reducing-releases-in-the-aquatic-environment-of-microplastics-emitted-by-products/
- Hantoro I, Loehr A, Belleghem F, Widianarko B, Ragas A. 2019. Microplastics in coastal areas and seafood: implications for food safety. Food Addit and Contam: Part A. 36:674–711.
- Hartmann NB, Hueffer T, Thompson RC, Hasselloev M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist AS, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, et al. 2019. Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environ Sci Technol. 53:1039–1047.
- Hartmann NB, Rist S, Bodin J, Jensen LHS, Schmidt SN, Mayer P, Meibom A, Baun A. 2017. Microplastics as vectors for environmental contaminants: exploring sorption, desorption, and transfer to biota, integrated. Environ Assess Manage. 13:488–493.
- Hermsen E, Mintenig SM, Besseling E, Koelmans AA. 2018. Quality criteria for the analysis of microplastic in biota samples: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol. 52:10230–10240.
- Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. 2012. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol. 46:3060–3075.
- Huppertsberg S, Knepper TP. 2018. Instrumental analysis of microplastics – benefits and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem. 410:6343–6352.
- Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science. 437:768–771.
- Karlsson TM, Arneborg L, Brostroem G, Almroth BC, Gipperth L, Hasselloev M. 2018. The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution. Mar Pollut Bull. 129:52–60.
- Koelmans AA, Bakir A, Burton CA, Janssen CR. 2016. Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment: critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies. Environ Sci Technol. 50:3315–3326.
- Koelmans AA, Hor NHM, Hermsen E, Kooi M, Mintenig SM, De France J. 2019. Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Res. 155:410–422.
- Koelmans AA, Kooi M, Law KL, van Sebille E. 2017. All is lost: deriving a top-down mass budget of plastic at sea. Environ Res Lett. 12:114028.
- Kwon J-H, Chang S, Hong SH, Shim WJ. 2017. Microplastics as a vector of hydrophobic contaminants: importance of hydrophobic additives. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 13:494–499.
- Lambert S, Scherer C, Wagner M. 2017. Ecotoxicity testing of microplastics: considering the heterogeneity of physicochemical properties. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 13:470–475.
- Law KL, Johnson RC. 2014. Microplastics in the seas. Science. 80:144–145.
- Operation Clean Sweep. your guide to OPERATION CLEAN SWEEP® manual contain guidelines to help plastics industry operations managers reduce the accidental loss of pellets from the processing facility into the environment. [accessed 2019 Feb]. file:///C:/Users/pantrra/Documents/LCA%20Projects/DG%20GROW%20plastics%20AA%20Nov%202016/marine%20litter%20general/OCS-Manual.pdf
- Plastics Europe. 2018. Plastics – the facts (2018). [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf
- [SAPEA] Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. 2019. A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society, SAPEA Report (2019), [accessed 2019 Feb]. https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/
- Sherrington C, Darrah C, Hann S, Cole G, Corbin M 2016. Study to support the development of measures to combat a range of marine litter sources, Eunomia Research and Consulting, Report for European Commission DG Environment http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/MSFD%20Measures%20to%20Combat%20Marine%20Litter.pdf
- [SUSCHEM] European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry. 2019. Plastics strategic research & innovation agenda in a circular economy.[accessed 2019 Mar]. http://www.suschem.org/publications
- Toussaint B, Raffael B, Angers A, Gilliland D, Kestens V, Petrillo M, Rio-Echevarria IM, Van Den Eede G. 2019. Review of micro- and nanoplastic contaminations in the food chain. Food Addit and Contam Part A. 36:639–673.
- Vangheluwe P. 2018. Presentation at JRC seminar on sustainability and impacts of plastics. Brussels. 28.November.
- Verschoor AJ 2015. Towards a definition of microplastics – considerations for the specification of physico-chemical properties, RIVM Letter Report 0116
- Welden NAC, Lusher AL. 2017. Impacts of changing ocean circulation on the distribution of marine microplastic litter. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 13:88–487.
- Werner S, Budziak A, van Franeker J, Galgani F, Hanke G, Maes T, Matiddi M, Nilsson P, Oosterbaan L, Priestland E, et al. 2016. Harm caused by marine litter, JRC Technical Report EUR 28317 EN
- [WHO] World Health Organization. 2019. Microplastics in drinking water Licence: CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO; ISBN 978-92-4-151619-8