4,285
Views
105
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

A review of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy used in food adulteration and authenticity investigations

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 19-38 | Received 09 May 2020, Accepted 09 Sep 2020, Published online: 15 Oct 2019

References

  • Accum F. 1820. A treatise on adulteration of food and culinary poisons. 2nd ed. London (UK):  Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, Paternoster Row. https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/a-treatise-on-adulteration-of-food-and-culinary-poisons-1820/.
  • Agres T 2015. The cumin scandal: accidental or fraudulent. Food Quality and Safety. http://www.foodqualityandsafety.com/article/the-cumin-scandal-accidental-or-fraudulent/?singlepage=1.
  • Alamprese C, Casale M, Sinelli N, Lanteri S, Casiraghi E. 2013. Detection of minced beef adulteration with turkey meat by UV-Vis, NIR and MIR spectroscopy. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 53(1):225–232. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.01.027.
  • Albert S, Keppler Albert K, Quack M. 2011. Handbook of high-resolution spectroscopy. Vol. 2. doi:10.1002/9780470749593.
  • Ali ME, Razzak MA, Hamid SBA, Rahman MM, Al Amin M, Rashid NRA, Asing. 2015. Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of five meat Species forbidden in Islamic foods. Food Chem. 177(2015):214–224. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.098.
  • Alkhalf MI, Mirghani ME. 2017. Detection of formaldehyde in cheese using FTIR spectroscopy. Int Food Res J. 24:496–500.
  • Amand LE, Tullin CJ. 1999. The theory behind FTIR analysis. Dep Energy Convers Chalmers Univ Technol Sweden. 1–15.
  • Amaral JS, Santos G, Oliveira MBPP, Mafra I. 2017. Quantitative detection of pork meat by EvaGreen real-time PCR to assess the authenticity of processed meat products. Food Control. 72:53–61. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.029.
  • Amiry S, Esmaiili M, Alizadeh M. 2017. Classification of adulterated honeys by multivariate analysis. Food Chem. 224:390–397. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.025.
  • Anastasaki E, Kanakis C, Pappas C, Maggi L, Del Campo CP, Carmona M, Alonso GL, Polissiou MG. 2010. Differentiation of saffron from four countries by mid-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Eur Food Res Technol. 230(4):571–577. doi:10.1007/s00217-009-1197-7.
  • Bassbasi M, De Luca M, Ioele G, Oussama A, Ragno G. 2014.Prediction of the geographical origin of butters by partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) applied to infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data. J Food Compos Anal. 33: 210–215. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2013.11.010
  • Bawden T 2015. New food scandal over peanuts is ‘more serious’ than the horsemeat crisis. The Independent. [accessed 2015 Feb 13]. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/new-food-scandal-over-peanuts-is-more-serious-than-the-horsemeat-crisis-10045725.html.
  • BBC News. 2013. “Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594.
  • Bengtström L, Rosenmai AK, Trier X, Jensen LK, Granby K, Vinggaard AM, Driffield M, Petersen JH. 2016. Non-targeted screening for contaminants in paper and board food contact materials using effect directed analysis and accurate mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam. 0049(May):19440049.2016.1184941. doi:10.1080/19440049.2016.1184941.
  • Bevilacqua M, Bucci R, Magrì AD, Magrì AL, Marini F. 2012. Tracing the origin of extra virgin olive oils by infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: a case study. Anal Chim Acta. 717:39–51. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.035.
  • Black C, Haughey SA, Chevallier OP, Galvin-King P, Elliott CT. 2016. A comprehensive strategy to detect the fraudulent adulteration of herbs: the oregano approach. Food Chem. 210:551–557. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.004.
  • Burns M, Wiseman G, Knight A, Bramley P, Foster L, Rollinson S, Damant A, Primrose S. 2016. Measurement issues associated with quantitative molecular biology analysis of complex food matrices for the detection of food fraud. Analyst. 141(1):45–61. doi:10.1039/c5an01392e.
  • Cady F. 2017. The data science handbook. Hoboken (New Jersey): John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Chalmers JM, Griffiths PR. 2002. Handbook of vibrational spectroscopy. Theory and instrumentation. Volume 1. J. Am. Chem. Society. Vol. 1. Chichester (UK): J. Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1021/ja025228w.
  • Chew OS, Hamdan MR, Ismail Z, Ahmad NM. 2004. Assessment of herbal medicines by chemometrics–assisted interpretation of FTIR Spectra. Universiti Sains Malaysia, …, no. January 2004. http://www.camo.com/rt/pdf/application_notes/Assessment of Herbal Medicines by Chemometrics - Assisted Interpretation of FTIR Spectra.pdfF.
  • Cozzolino D, Holdstock M, Dambergs RG, Cynkar WU, Smith PA. 2009. Mid infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis: a tool to discriminate between organic and non-organic wines grown in Australia. Food Chem. 116(3):761–765. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.022.
  • Currell G. 2015. Scientific data analysis. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
  • Dalmia A. 2015. Rapid measurement of extra virgin olive oil adulteration with olive pomace oil with no sample preparation using DSA/TOF. Perkin Elmer. 1:3–6.
  • Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, Agency (DEFRA), Food Standards Agency (FSA). 2014. Elliott review into the integrity and assurance of food supply networks – final report. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications.
  • Department of Agriculture Food, The Marine. 2013. Equine DNA & mislabelling of processed beef investigation report March 2013 department of agriculture, food and the Marine. London, UK. https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Enforcement_and_Audit/Horse_Meat/Equine-DNA-DAFM-March-2013.pdf.
  • Dhanya K, Syamkumar S, Siju S, Sasikumar B. 2011. Sequence characterized amplified region markers: a reliable tool for adulterant detection in turmeric powder. Food Res Int. 44(9):2889–2895. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.040.
  • Downey G. 2016. Advances in food authenticity testing. Cambridge (UK):  Woodhead Publishing Limited.
  • Elliott C 2013. Elliott review into the integrity and assurance of food supply networks – interim report. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications.
  • Ellis DI, Brewster VL, Dunn WB, William Allwood J, Golovanov AP, Goodacre R. 2012. Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. Chem Soc Rev. 41(17):5706. doi:10.1039/c2cs35138b.
  • [ESA] European Spice Association. 2015. European spice association quality minima document. https://www.esa-spices.org/download/esa-qmd-rev-5-update-as-per-esa-tc-26-03-18.pdf.
  • European Commission. 2000. Directive 2000/13/EC on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. 109(16):29–42. 2004R0726 - v.7 of 05.06.2013.
  • European Commission. 2002. Commission Regulation (EC) 178/2002 of the European parliament and of the council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European food safety authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Off J Eur Union. L 31:1–40. 2004R0726 - v.7 of 05.06.2013.
  • European Commission. 2014a. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) no 664/2014 of 18 December 2013 supplementing regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European parliament and of the council with regard to the establishment of the union symbols for protected designations of origin, prote. Official J Europ Union. 2014(886):17–22.
  • European Commission. 2014b. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 668/2014 of 13 June 2014 laying down rules for the application of regulation (EU) no 1151/2012 of the European parliament and of the council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs. Official J Europ Union. 59(May):35–59.
  • European Commission. 2018. European commission - food fraud. https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food-fraud_en.
  • Evershed R, Temple N. 2016. Sorting the beef from the bull: the science of food fraud forensics. London (UK): Bloomsbury Publishing Inc.
  • [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2009. Global agriculture towards 2050. High Level Expert Forum-How Feed World. 2050:1–4. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/Issues_papers/HLEF2050_Global_Agriculture.pdf.
  • Food Standards Agency. 2015. FSA 15/11/06 Adulteration of Food – Thresholds for Action and for. London. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20171207145845/https://www.food.gov.uk/about-us/our-board/meetings.
  • Food & Drug Administration. 2009. Economically motivated adulteration; public meeting; request for comment. Fed Regis. 74(64):15497–15499.
  • Galvin-King P, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. 2018. Herb and Spice Fraud; the Drivers, Challenges and Detection. Food Control. 88:85–97. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.031.
  • García-Reyes JF, Dolores Hernando M, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. 2007. Comprehensive screening of target, non-target and unknown pesticides in food by LC-TOF-MS. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 26(8):828–841. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2007.06.006.
  • Gauglitz G, Vo-Dihn T. 2003. Handbook of spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc. 126. doi:10.1021/ja033666c.
  • Georgouli K, Del Rincon JM, Koidis A. 2017. Continuous statistical modelling for rapid detection of adulteration of extra virgin olive oil using mid infrared and raman spectroscopic data. Food Chem. 217:735–742. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.011.
  • [GMA] The Grocery Manufacturers Association and A.T.Kearney. 2010. Consumer product fraud: deterrence and detection. In: Qual Assur Assoc. www.qualityassuranceassociation.org › MemberCenter › fraud.
  • Gok S, Severcan M, Goormaghtigh E, Kandemir I, Severcan F. 2015. Differentiation of anatolian honey samples from different botanical origins by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy using multivariate analysis. Food Chem. 170:234–240. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.040.
  • Gómez-Ramos MM, Ferrer C, Malato O, Agüera A, Fernández-Alba AR. 2013. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis in fruit and vegetables: screening and quantitative studies. J Chromatogr A. 1287:24–37. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.065.
  • Gouvinhas I, José MMM, De Almeida T, Carvalho NM, Barros AIRNA. 2015. Discrimination and characterisation of extra virgin olive oils from three cultivars in different maturation stages using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics. Food Chem. 174:226–232. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.037.
  • Govan F 2011. “Spanish saffron scandal as industry accused of importing cheaper foreign varieties.” The Telegraph. [accessed 2011 Jan 31]. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8293582/Spanish-saffron-scandal-as-industry-accused-of-importing-cheaper-foreign-varieties.html.
  • Granato D, Ares G. 2014. Mathematical and statistical methods in food science and technology. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Granato D, Putnik P, Kovačević DB, Santos JS, Calado V, Rocha RS, Cruz AGD, Jarvis B, Rodionova OY, Pomerantsev A. 2018. Trends in chemometrics: food authentication, microbiology, and effects of processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 17(3):663–677. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12341.
  • Hansen A-MS. 2015. Authenticity of aroma components enantiomeric separation and compound specific stable isotope analysis. Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical University of Denmark.
  • Henley J. 2012. How to tell if your olive oil is the real thing. The Guardian 4 January. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/04/olive-oil-real-thing.
  • Hird SJ, Benjamin PY, Lau RS, Krska R. 2014. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem. 59:59–72. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2014.04.005.
  • Hoffman B 2013. Top 10 ‘at risk’ fraudulent foods and why you should feel scammed. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethhoffman/2013/10/23/top-10-at-risk-fraudulent-foods-surprising-and-disheartening/#51950ce15945.
  • Hoffman ED, Stroobant V. 2007. Mass spectrometry: principles and applications. 3rd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Hou B, Meng X, Zhang L, Guo J, Shaowen L, Jin H. 2015. Development of a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of chicken, duck and goose DNA in meat products. Meat Sci. 101:90–94. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.11.007.
  • Jaiswal P, Jha SN, Borah A, Gautam A, Grewal MK, Jindal G. 2015. Detection and quantification of soymilk in cow-buffalo milk using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Food Chem. 168:41–47. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.010.
  • Jawaid S, Talpur FN, Sherazi STH, Nizamani SM, Khaskheli AA. 2013. Rapid detection of melamine adulteration in dairy milk by SB-ATR-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Food Chem. 141: 3066–3071. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.106
  • Johnson R. 2014. Food fraud and ‘ economically motivated adulteration ’ of food and food ingredients. In Food Fraud and Adulterated Ingredients: Background, Issues, and Federal Action, 1–56. Nova Science Publishers.
  • Kazarian SG, Andrew Chan KL. 2013. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging: recent advances and applications to biological systems. Analyst. 138(7):1940. doi:10.1039/c3an36865c.
  • Kendall H, Naughton P, Kuznesof S, Raley M, Dean M, Clark B, Stolz H, Home R, Chan MY, Zhong Q, et al. 2018. Food fraud and the perceived integrity of European food imports into China. PLoS One. 13(5):1–27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195817.
  • Kery M, Andrew Royle J. 2016. Applied hierarchical modeling in ecology: analysis of distribution, abundances and species richness in R and BUGS. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Academic Press.
  • Koca N, Kocaoglu-Vurma NA, Harper WJ, Rodriguez-Saona LE. 2010. Application of temperature-controlled attenuated total reflectance-mid-infrared (ATR-MIR) spectroscopy for rapid estimation of butter adulteration. Food Chem. 121:778–782.
  • Korte R, Lepski S, Brockmeyer J. 2016. Comprehensive peptide marker identification for the detection of multiple nut allergens using a non-targeted LC–HRMS multi-method. Anal Bioanal Chem. 48(12):3059–3069. doi:10.1007/s00216-016-9384-4.
  • Lakshmi V, Pradesh A. 2012. Food adulteration. Int J Sci Invent Today. 1(2):106–113.
  • Lee FY, Htar TT, Akowuah GA. 2015. ATR-FTIR and spectrometric methods for the assay of crocin in commercial saffron spices (Crocus Savitus L.). Int Food Prop. 18(8):1773–1783. doi:10.1080/10942912.2014.923911.
  • Lerma-García MJ, Ramis-Ramos G, Herrero-Martínez JM, Simó-Alfonso EF. 2010. Authentication of extra virgin olive oils by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Food Chem. 118:78–83.
  • Li B, Wang H, Zhao Q, Ouyang J, Yanwen W. 2015. Rapid detection of authenticity and adulteration of walnut oil by FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy: a comparative study. Food Chem. 181:25–30. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.079.
  • Li X, Zhang Y, He Y. 2016. Rapid detection of talcum powder in tea using FT-IR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Sci Rep. 6:1–8. doi:10.1038/srep30313
  • Lindenberg C, Cornel J, Schöll J, Mazzotti M. 2012. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. In: Chianese A, Kramer HJR, editors. Industrial crystallization process monitoring and control. 1st ed. Singapore: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; p. 81–90.
  • Lohumi S, Joshi R, Kandpal LM, Lee H, Kim MS, Cho H, Changyeun M, Seo Y-W, Rahman A, Cho B-K. 2017a. Quantitative analysis of sudan dye adulteration in paprika powder using FTIR spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam. 34(5):678–686. doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1290828.
  • Lohumi S, Joshi R, Kandpal LM, Lee H, Kim MS, Cho H, Mo C, Seo Y-W, Rahman A, Cho B-K. 2017. Quantitative analysis of sudan dye adulteration in paprika powder using ftir spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam Part A. 34:678–686.
  • Lohumi S, Lee S, Lee W-H, Kim MS, Changyeun M, Bae H, Cho B-K. 2014. Detection of starch adulteration in onion powder by FT-NIR and FT-IR spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem. 62(38):9246–9251. doi:10.1021/jf500574m.
  • Maggio RM, Cerretani L, Chiavaro E, Kaufman TS, Bendini A. 2010. A novel chemometric strategy for the estimation of extra virgin olive oil adulteration with edible oils. Food Control [Internet]. 21: 890–895. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.006
  • Malato O, Lozano A, Mezcua M, Agüera A, Fernandez-Alba AR. 2011. Benefits and pitfalls of the application of screening methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A. 1218(42):7615–7626. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.110.
  • Marieschi M, Torelli A, Bianchi A, Bruni R. 2011a. Detecting satureja montana L. and origanum majorana L. by means of SCAR-PCR in commercial samples of mediterranean oregano. Food Control. 22(3–4):542–548. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.10.001.
  • Marieschi M, Torelli A, Bianchi A, Bruni R. 2011b. Development of a SCAR marker for the identification of olea Europaea L.: a newly detected adulterant in commercial mediterranean oregano. Food Chem. 126(2):705–709. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.030.
  • Marieschi M, Torelli A, Bruni R. 2012. Quality control of saffron (Crocus Sativus l.): development of scar markers for the detection of plant adulterants used as bulking agents. J Agric Food Chem. 60:10998.
  • Meza-Márquez OG, Gallardo-Velázquez T, Osorio-Revilla G. 2010.Application of mid-infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) for the detection of adulterants in minced beef. Meat Sci. 86: 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.05.044
  • Miaw C, Whei S, Assis C, Silva ARCS, Cunha ML, Sena MM, de Souza SVC. 2018. Determination of main fruits in adulterated nectars by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration and variable selection methods. Food Chem. 254(October 2017):272–280. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.015.
  • Michelson AA 1881. Interference phenomena in a new form of refractometer. Philosophical Magazine. Vol. 13. p. 236–242.
  • Michelson AA. 1927. Studies in optics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Mohamed GF, Shaheen MS, Khalil SKH, Hussein AMS, Kamil MM. 2011. Application of FT-IR spectroscopy for rapid and simultaneous quality determination of some fruit products. Nat Sci. 9:21–31.
  • Moore JC, Spink J, Lipp M. 2012. Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010. J Food Sci. 77:4. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02657.x.
  • Nunes KM, Andrade MVO, Santos Filho AMP, Lasmar MC, Sena MM. 2016. Detection and characterisation of frauds in bovine meat in natura by non-meat ingredient additions using data fusion of chemical parameters and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Food Chem. 205:14–22. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.158.
  • Nurrulhidayah AF, Che Man YB, Amin I, Arieff Salleh R, Farawahidah MY, Shuhaimi M, Khatib A. 2015.FTIR-ATR spectroscopy based metabolite fingerprinting as a direct determination of butter adulterated with lard. Int J Food Prop. 18: 372–379. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.692224
  • Nyquist RA, Kagel RO. 2012. Handbook of infrared and raman spectra of inorganic compounds and organic salts: infrared spectra of inorganic compounds. London, UK: Academic Press.
  • Ok S. 2017. Detection of olive oil adulteration by low-field NMR relaxometry and UV-vis spectroscopy upon mixing olive oil with various edible oils. Grasas Aceites. 68(1):173. doi:10.3989/gya.0678161.
  • Ordoudi SA, Cagliani LR, Melidou D, Tsimidou MZ, Consonni R. 2017. Uncovering a challenging case of adulterated commercial saffron. Food Control. 81:147–155. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.046.
  • Pei X, Tandon A, Alldrick A, Giorgi L, Huang W, Yang R. 2011. The China melamine milk scandal and its implications for food safety regulation. Food Policy. 36(3):412–420. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.03.008.
  • Pérez-Ortega P, Lara-Ortega FJ, García-Reyes JF, Gilbert-López B, Trojanowicz M, Antonio M-D. 2016. A feasibility study of UHPLC-HRMS accurate-mass Screening methods for multiclass testing of organic contaminants in food. Talanta. 160:704–712. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.002.
  • Petrakis EA, Polissiou MG. 2017. Assessing saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) adulteration with plant-derived adulterants by diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Talanta. 162(October 2016):558–566. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.072.
  • Pieke EN, Smedsgaard J, Granby K. 2017. Exploring the chemistry of complex samples by tentative identification and semiquantification: a food contact material case. J Mass Spectrom. 53(4):323–335.
  • Pilar CM, Itziar R. 2018. An overview of multivariate qualitative methods for food fraud detection. Food Control. 86:283–293. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.034.
  • Premanandh J. 2013. Horse meat scandal - a wake-up call for regulatory authorities. Food Control. 34(2):568–569. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.033.
  • Primrose S, Woolfe M, Rollinson S. 2010. Food forensics: methods for determining the authenticity of foodstuffs. Trends Food Sci Technol. 21(12):582–590. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2010.09.006.
  • PwC. 2016. Food fraud vulnerability assessment and mitigation. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/food-supply-integrity-services/assets/pwc-food-fraud-vulnerability-assessment-and-mitigation-november.pdf.
  • Quiñones-Islas N, Meza-Márquez OG, Osorio-Revilla G, Gallardo-Velazquez T. 2013. Detection of adulterants in avocado oil by Mid-FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Food Res Int. 51:148–154.
  • Reis N, Botelho BG, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. 2017. Simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in ground roasted coffee by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and data fusion. Food Anal Methods. 10(8):2700–2709.
  • Rios-Corripio MA, Rios-Leal E, Rojas-López M, Delgado-Macuil R. 2011. FTIR characterization of Mexican honey and its adulteration with sugar syrups by using chemometric methods. J Phys. 274(1):0–5. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/274/1/012098.
  • Ríos-Reina R, Callejón RM, Oliver-Pozo C, Amigo JM, García-González DL. 2017. ATR-FTIR as a potential tool for controlling high quality vinegar categories. Food Control. 78:230–237. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.065.
  • Rodriguez-Saona LE, Allendorf ME. 2011. Use of FTIR for rapid authentication and detection of adulteration of food. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2(1):467–483. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133750.
  • Rohman A, Erwanto SY, Che Man YB. 2011. Analysis of pork adulteration in beef meatball using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Meat Sci. 88(1):91–95. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.12.007.
  • Rohman A, Man YBC. 2010. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for analysis of extra virgin olive oil adulterated with palm oil. Food Res Int. 43(3):886–892. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.12.006.
  • Rubert J, Lacina O, Zachariasova M, Hajslova J. 2016. Saffron authentication based on liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. Food Chem. 204:201–209. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.003.
  • Salzer R, Siesler HW. 2014. Infrared and raman spectroscopic imaging. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
  • Santos PM, Pereira-Filho ER, Rodriguez-Saona LE. 2013. Rapid detection and quantification of milk adulteration using infrared microspectroscopy and chemometrics analysis. Food Chem. 138(1):19–24. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.024.
  • Schrieberg D. 2017. Stock up on olive oil because prices are skyrocketing. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidschrieberg1/2017/05/27/stock-up-on-olive-oil-because-prices-are-skyrocketing/#2311d02f7757.
  • Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Sampson HA. 1998. Clinical features of acute allergic reactions to peanut and tree nuts in children. Pediatrics. 102(1):e6. doi:10.1542/peds.102.1.e6.
  • Simmons IL. 1960. The Kbr technique. Spex Speak. 1–8.
  • Sivakesava S, Irudayaraj J. 2001. Detection of inverted beet sugar adulteration of honey by FTIR spectroscopy. J Sci Food Agric. 81:683–690.
  • Skinner CG, Thomas JD, Osterloh JD. 2010. Melamine Toxicity. J Med Toxicol. 6(1):50–55. doi:10.1007/s13181-010-0038-1.
  • Smith E, Dent G. 2005. Modern raman spectroscopy – a practical approach. New Jersey (NJ): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Smith R, Manning L, Gerard M. 2017. Critiquing the inter-disciplinary literature on food fraud. Int J Rural Criminol. 3(2):250–270.
  • Spink J, Moyer DC. 2011. Defining the public health threat of food fraud. J Food Sci. 76(9):R157–R163. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02417.x.
  • Stuart B. 2005. Infrared spectroscopy: fundamentals and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/0470011149.
  • Sun D-W. 2009. Infrared spectroscopy for food quality analysis and control. First. Burlington (MA, USA): Academic Press.
  • Tasumi M. 2015. Introduction to experimental infrared spectroscopy: fundamentals and practical methods. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • The Associated Press. 2008. China’s top food Safety official resigns. NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26827110/#.W30iicJJlhE.
  • The Council of the European Union. 2006. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs. Official J Europ Union. 2006(510):12–25.
  • United States Congress. 1938. Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act (FFCDA). Washington (DC): United States Food and Drug Administration.
  • United States Congress. 2011. FDA food safety modernization act. Washington (DC): US FDA.
  • [FDA] Food & Drug Administration. 2018. Defect levels handbook. https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/SanitationTransportation/ucm056174.htm#CHPTA.
  • Vidal R, Yi M, Sastry S. 2016. Generalized principal component analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag New York. doi:10.007/978-0-387-87811-9.
  • Villa C, Costa J, Meira L, Oliveira MBPP, Mafra I. 2016. Exploiting DNA mini-barcodes as molecular markers to authenticate saffron (Crocus Sativus L.). Food Control. 65:21–31. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.008.
  • Wielogorska E, Chevallier O, Black C, Galvin-King P, Delêtre M, Kelleher CT, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. 2018. Development of a comprehensive analytical platform for the detection and quantitation of food fraud using a biomarker approach. The oregano adulteration case study. Food Chem. 239:32–39. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.083.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.