Foliar application of urea to Tempranillo vines increased the amino acid concentration of the must

References

• Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Ayestarán B, Garrido J. 1996. Sedimentation clarification of Garnacha musts. Consumption of amino acids during fermentation and aging. Food Res Int. 29:345–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Nieto-Rojo R, Gómez-Cordón J. 2011. Influence of fertilization of foliar urea on the content of amines in wine. Food Addit Contam A. 28:877–884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Nieto-Rojo R, Gómez-Cordón J. 2013. Effect of foliar urea fertilisation on volatile compounds in Tempranillo wine. J Sci Food Agr. 93:1485–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias-Gil ML, Garde-Cerdán T, Ancín-Azpilicueta C. 2007. Influence of addition of ammonium and different amino acid concentrations on nitrogen metabolism in spontaneous must fermentation. Food Chem. 103:1312–1318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [BCMAL] British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. 2010. Best practices guide for grapes for British Columbia growers. Abbotsford (BC).
   Google Scholar
• Bell SJ. 1991. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield, and juice composition of Vitis vinifera cv Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. In: Rantz JM, Adams DO, Lombard PB, Ough CS, Price SF, Watson BT, editors. Proceedings of the international symposium on nitrogen in grapes and wine. Seattle (Washington): The American Society for Enology and Viticulture; p. 206–210.
   Google Scholar
• Bell SJ, Henschke PA. 2005. Implications of nitrogen nutrition for grapes, fermentation and wine. Aust J Grape Wine R. 11:242–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradie WJ. 2001. Timing of nitrogen fertilisation and the effect of poultry manure on the performance of grapevines on sandy soil. Leaf analysis, juice analysis and wine quality. S Afr J Enol Vitic. 22:60–68.
   Google Scholar
• Dutreurtre B, Bourgeosis C, Chollot B. 1971. Study of the assimilation of proline by brewering yeast. J I Brewing. 77:28–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fait A, Fromm H, Walter D, Galili G, Fernie AR. 2008. Highway or byway: the metabolic role of the GABA shunt in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 13:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraile P, Garrido J, Ancín C. 2000. Influence of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae selected strain in the volatile composition of rosé wines. Evolution during fermentation. J Agri Food Chem. 48:1789–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garde-Cerdan T, Ancín-Azpilicueta C. 2008. Effect of the addition of different quantities of amino acids to nitrogen-deficient must on the formation of esters, alcohols, and acids during wine alcoholic fermentation. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 41:501–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourieroux AM, Holzapfel BP, Scollary GR, McCully ME, Canny MJ, Rogiers SY. 2016. The amino acid distribution in rachis xylem sap and phloem exudate of Vitis vinifera “Cabernet Sauvignon” bunches. Plant Physiol Bioch. 105:45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Gamboa G, Garde-Cerdán T, Portu J, Moreno-Simunovic Y, Martínez-Gil AM. 2017. Foliar nitrogen application in Cabernet Sauvignon vines: effects on wine flavonoid and amino acid content. Food Res Int. 96:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannam KD, Neilsen GH, Neilsen D, Midwood AJ, Millard P, Zhang Z, Thornton B, Steinke D. 2016. Amino acid composition of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) juice in response to applications of urea to the soil or foliage. Am J Enol Vitic. 67:47–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannam KD, Neilsen GH, Neilsen D, Rabie WS, Midwood AJ, Millard P. 2014. Late-season foliar urea applications can increase berry yeast-assimilable nitrogen in winegrapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Am J Enol Vitic. 65:65–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazelwood LA, Daran JM, van Maris JA, Pronk JT, Dickinson JR. 2008. The Ehrlich pathway for fusel alcohol production: a century of research on Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism. Appl Environ Microb. 74:2259–2266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschke PA, Jiranek V. 1993. Yeasts-metabolism of nitrogen compounds. In: Fleet GH, editor. Wine microbiology and biotechnology. Chur (Switzerland): Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH; p. 77–165.
   Google Scholar
• Hilbert G, Soyer JP, Molot C, Giraudon J, Milin S, Gaudillere JP. 2003. Effects of nitrogen supply on must quality and anthocyanin accumulation in berries of cv. Merlot. Vitis. 42:69–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Ough CS. 1991. Amino acid profiles of commercial grape juices and wines. Am J Enol Viticult. 42:261–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jreij R, Kelly MT, Deloire A, Brenon E, Blaise A. 2009. Combined effects of soil-applied and foliar-applied nitrogen on the nitrogen composition and distribution in water stressed Vitis vinifera L. cv Sauvignon blanc grapes. J Int Sci Vigne Vin. 43:179–187.
   Google Scholar
• Kliewer WM. 1970. Free amino acids and other nitrogenous fractions in wine grapes. J Food Sci. 35:17–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasa V, Menendez S, Sagastizabal K, Calleja-Cervantes ME, Irigoyen I, Muro J, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Ariz I. 2012. Foliar application of urea to “Sauvignon Blanc” and “Merlot” vines: doses and time of application. Plant Growth Regul. 67:73–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lê S, Josse J, Husson F. 2008. FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J Stat Softw. 25:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzini F, Vuichard F. 2012. Ajout d’acides aminés aux moûts et qualité des vins. Rev Suisse Vitic Arboric Hortic. 44:96–103.
   Google Scholar
• Manela N, Oliva M, Ovadia R, Sikron-Persi N, Ayenew B, Fait A, Galili G, Perl A, Weiss D, Oren-Shamir M. 2015. Phenylalanine and tyrosine levels are rate-limiting factors in production of health promoting metabolites in Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay red cell suspension. Front Plant Sci. 6:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen RL. 1990. Biuret in urea fertilizer. Fert Res. 26:311–318.
   Google Scholar
• Neilsen GH, Neilsen D, Bowen P, Bogdanoff C, Usher K. 2010. Effect of timing, rate, and form of N fertilization on nutrition,vigor, yield, and berry yeast-assimilable N of grape. Am J Enol Viticult. 61:327–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Álvarez EP, Garde-Cerdán T, García-Escudero E, Martínez-Vidaurre JM. 2017. Effect of two doses of urea foliar application on leaves and grape nitrogen composition during two vintages. J Science Food Agr. 97:2524–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynard JS, Zufferey V, Nicol GC, Murisier F. 2011. Soil parameters impact the vine-fruit-wine continuum by altering vine nitrogen status. J Int Sci Vigne Vin. 45:211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Lovelle B, Gaudillère JP. 2002. Carbon and nitrogen partitioning in either fruiting or non-fruiting grapevines: effects of nitrogen limitation before and after veraison. Aust J Grape Wine R. 8:86–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spayd SE, Wample RL, Evans RG, Stevens RG, Seymour BJ, Nagel CW. 1994. Nitrogen-fertilization of white riesling grapes in Washington. Must and wine composition. Am J Enol Viticult. 45:34–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrea D, Varela C, Ugliano M, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Francis IL, Henschke PA. 2011. Comparison of inorganic and organic nitrogen supplementation of grape juice-effect on volatile composition and aroma profile of a chardonnay wine. Food Chem. 127:1072–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozzini L, Sabbatini P, Howell GS. 2013. Increasing nitrogen availability at veraison through foliar applications: implications for leaf assimilation and fruit ripening under source limitation in ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines. Hort Sci. 48:608–613.
   Google Scholar
• Verdenal T, Spangenberg JE, Zufferey V, Lorenzini F, Spring JL, Viret O. 2015. Effect of fertilisation timing on the partitioning of foliar-applied nitrogen in Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas: a 15N labelling approach. Aust J Grape Wine R. 21:110–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LE, Biscay PJ. 1991. Partitioning of dry weight, nitrogen, and potassium in Cabernet sauvignon grapevines from anthesis until harvest. Am J Enol Viticult. 42:113–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia GH, Cheng LL. 2004. Foliar urea application in the fall affects both nitrogen and carbon storage in young ‘Concord’ grapevines grown under a wide range of nitrogen supply. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 129:653–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamski E, Schaffer AA. 1996. Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops. Source-sink relationships. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker, Inc.
   Google Scholar