719
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 374-390 | Received 29 Oct 2019, Accepted 03 Dec 2019, Published online: 09 Jan 2020

References

  • Abraham K, Appel KE, Berger-Preiss E, Apel E, Gerling S, Mielke H, Creutzenberg O, Lampen A. 2013. Relative oral bioavailability of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol. 87:649–659.
  • American Oil Chemists’ Socitey (AOCS). 2017a. AOCS official method Cd 29a-13: 2- and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils and fats by acid transesterification and GC/MS. In: Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 7th ed. Urbana (IL): American Oil Chemists' Society.
  • American Oil Chemists’ Socitey (AOCS). 2017b. AOCS official method Cd 29b-13: 2- and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils and fats by Alkaline transesterification and GC/MS. In: Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 7th ed. Urbana (IL): American Oil Chemists' Society.
  • American Oil Chemists’ Socitey (AOCS). 2017c. AOCS official method Cd 29c-13: 2- and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils and fats by GC/MS (difference method). In: Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 7th ed. Urbana (IL): American Oil Chemists' Society.
  • American Oil Chemists’ Socitey (AOCS). 2017d. AOCS official method Cd 28-10: glycidyl fatty acid estes in edible oils. In: Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. 7th ed. Urbana (IL): American Oil Chemists' Society.
  • Appel KE, Abraham K, Berger-Preiss E, Hansen T, Apel E, Schuchardt S, Vogt C, Bakhiya N, Creutzenberg O, Lampen A. 2013. Relative oral bioavailability of glycidol from glycidyl fatty acid esters in rats. Arch Toxicol. 87:1649–1659.
  • Bakhiya N, Abraham K, Gürtler R, Appel KE, Lampen A. 2011. Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food. Mol Nutr Food Res. 55:509–521.
  • Becalski A, Zhao T, Feng S, Lau BPY. 2015. A pilot survey of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in baby formula on the Canadian market 2012–2013. J Food Compost Anal. 44:111–114.
  • Beekman JK, MacMahon S. 2019. The impact of infant formula production on the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Food Addit Contam A. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898.
  • Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG. 2000. A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 42:174–181.
  • Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG, Prestidge C. 1998. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr Res. 44:201–209.
  • Blumhorst MR, Collison MW, Cantrill R, Shiro H, Masukawa Y, Kawai S, Yasunaga K. 2013. Collaborative study for the analysis of glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible oils using LC–MS. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 90:493–500.
  • Cho W-S, Han BS, Nam KT, Park K, Choi M, Kim SH, Jeong J, Jang DD. 2008. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague–dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 46:3172–3177.
  • Craft BD, Nagy K, Sandoz L, Destaillats F. 2012. Factors impacting the formation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters during palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil production. Food Addit Contam A. 29:354–361.
  • Craft BD, Nagy K, Seefelder W, Dubois M, Destaillats F. 2012. Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. part II: practical recommendations for effective mitigation. Food Chem. 132:73–79.
  • Destaillats F, D. Craft B, Dubois M, Nagy K. 2012. Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part I: formation mechanism. Food Chem. 131:1391–1398.
  • Destaillats F, Craft BD, Sandoz L, Nagy K. 2012. Formation mechanisms of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) fatty acid diesters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Food Addit Contam A. 29:29–37.
  • Dubois M, Empl A-M, Jaudzems G, Basle Q, Konings E. 2019. Determination of 2- and 3-MCPD as well as 2- and 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters (GE) in infant and adult/pediatric nutritional formula by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry method, first action 2018.03. J AOAC Int. 102:903–914.
  • Dubois M, Tarres A, Goldmann T, Empl AM, Donaubauer A, Seefelder W. 2012. Comparison of indirect and direct quantification of esters of monochloropropanediol in vegetable oil. J Chromatogr A. 1236:189–201.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2016. Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. Efsa J. 14:1–159.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2018. Update of the risk assessment on 3-monochloropropanediol and its fatty acid esters. Efsa J. 16:1583.
  • European Commission. 2018. Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/290 of 26 February 2018 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of glycidyl fatty acid esters in vegetable oils and fats, infant formula, follow-on formula and foods for special medical purposes intended for infants and young children. Brussels (Belgium). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R0290&from=EN.
  • FEDIOL. 2015. Report: MCPD esters and glycidyl esters: review of mitigation measures. Bussells (Belgium). http://www.fediol.be/data/FEDIOL%20Review%20of%20Mitigation%20Measures%20MCPD%20Esters%20and%20Glycidyl%20Esters%20-%2024%20June%202015.pdf.
  • Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ). 2015. Considerations on glycidol and its fatty acid esters in foods. Risk assessment report - Novel Foods and Food Additives FS/185/2015. Tokyo, Japan. http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/others/annex_glycidol_26-52.pdf.
  • German Federation for Food Law and Food Science (BLL). 2016. Report: toolbox for the mitigation of 3-MCPD Esters And Glycidyl Esters In Food. Berlin (Germany). http://www.bll.de/de/infomaterial/toolboxen/pb-toolbox-3-mcpd-flycidyl-fe.
  • Haines TD, Adlaf KJ, Pierceall RM, Lee I, Venkitasubramanian P, Collison MW. 2011. Direct determination of MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters in vegetable oils by LC–TOFMS. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 88:1–14.
  • Hori K, Koriyama N, Omori H, Kuriyama M, Arishima T, Tsumura K. 2012. Simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Sci Technol Int. 48:204–208.
  • Hrncirik K, van Duijn G. 2011. An initial study on the formation of 3-MCPD esters during oil refining. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:374–379.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2000. IARC monographs on some industrial chemicals: glycidol. Lyon France. 77:469–486.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2016. IARC monographs on some chemicals present in industrial and consumer products, food and drinking water: 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol. Lyon France. 101:349–374.
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2015. ISO 18363-1:2015: determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 1: method using fast alkaline transesterification and measurement for 3-MCPD and differential measurement for glycidol. Geneva (Switzerland): ISO Standards Catalogue.
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2017. ISO 18363-3:2017: determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 3: method using acid transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. Geneva (Switzerland): ISO Standards Catalogue.
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2018. ISO 18363-2:2018: determination of fatty-acid-bound chloropropanediols (MCPDs) and glycidol by GC/MS; Part 2: method using slow alkaline transesterification and measurement for 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol. Geneva (Switzerland): ISO Standards Catalogue.
  • Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 2016. Summary report of the eighty-third meeting of JECFA: JECFA/83/SC. Rome (Italy); p. 5–7. http://www.fao.org/3/a-bq821e.pdf.
  • Kuhlmann J. 2011. Determination of bound 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:335–344.
  • Kuhlmann J. 2019. 2-Monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), and glycidol in infant and adult/pediatric nutritional formula: single-laboratory validation. J AOAC Int. 102:1205–1220.
  • Leigh JK, MacMahon S. 2016. Extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry detection of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formula. J Agric Food Chem. 64:9442–9451.
  • Leigh JK, MacMahon S. 2017. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States. Food Addit Contam A. 34:356–370.
  • Liu M, Gao B-Y, Qin F, Wu PP, Shi HM, Luo W, Ma AN, Jiang Y-R, Xu XB, Yu LL. 2012. Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:3785–3791.
  • Liu M, Liu J, Wu Y, Gao B, Wu P, Shi H, Sun X, Huang H, Wang TT, Yu L. 2017. Preparation of five 3-MCPD fatty acid esters, and the effects of their chemical structures on acute oral toxicity in Swiss mice. J Sci Food Agric. 97:841–848.
  • MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013a. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 2. liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol and 2-monochloropropanediol diesters. J Agric Food Chem. 61:4748–4757.
  • MacMahon S, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013b. Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States. Food Addit Contam A. 30:2081–2092.
  • MacMahon S, Mazzola E, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. 2013c. Analysis of processing contaminants in edible oils. Part 1. liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the direct detection of 3-monochloropropanediol monoesters and glycidyl esters. J Agric Food Chem. 61:4737–4747.
  • MacMahon S, Ridge CD, Begley TH. 2014. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the direct detection of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) Esters in Edible Oils. J Agric Food Chem. 62:11647–11656.
  • Matthäus B, Pudel F. 2013. Mitigation of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters within the production chain of vegetable oils especially palm oil. Lipid Tech. 25:151–155.
  • Matthäus B, Pudel F, Fehling P, Vosmann K, Freudenstein A. 2011. Strategies for the reduction of 3-MCPD esters and related compounds in vegetable oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:380–386.
  • Moravcova E, Vaclavik L, Lacina O, Hrbek V, Riddellova K, Hajslova J. 2012. Novel approaches to analysis of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters in vegetable oils. Anal Bioanal Chem. 402:2871–2883.
  • Pudel F, Benecke P, Fehling P, Freudenstein A, Matthäus B, Schwaf A. 2011. On the necessity of edible oil refining and possible sources of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 113:368–373.
  • Pudel F, Benecke P, Vosmann K, Matthäus B. 2016. 3-MCPD- and glycidyl esters can be mitigated in vegetable oils by use of short path distillation. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 118:396–405.
  • Spungen JH, MacMahon S, Leigh J, Flannery B, Kim G, Chirtel S, Smegal D. 2018. Estimated US infant exposures to 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from consumption of infant formula. Food Addit Contam A. 35:1085–1092.
  • Stamatov SD, Stawinski J. 2005. Regioselective opening of an oxirane system with trifluoroacetic anhydride. A general method for the synthesis of 2-monoacyl- and 1,3-symmetrical triacylglycerols. Tetrahedron. 61:3659–3669.
  • Yamazaki K, Ogiso M, Isagawa S, Urushiyama T, Ukena T, Kibune N. 2013. A new, direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils. Food Addit Contam A. 30:52–68.
  • Zwagerman R, Overman P. 2019. Optimized analysis of MCPD- and glycidyl esters in edible oils and fats using fast alkaline transesterification and 13C-correction for glycidol overestimation: validation including interlaboratory comparison. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 121:1800395.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.