Determination of four priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (4PAHs) by GC-MS in traditional Turkish yoghurts

References

• Akdoğan A, Buttinger G, Wenzl T. 2015. Single-laboratory validation of a saponification method for the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Food Addit Contam. 33(2):215–224.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2006. TS 1330 yogurt standard. Ankara:Turkish Standard Institute. (Ankara-Turkey).
   Google Scholar
• Bansal V, Kim K-H. 2015. Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environ Int. 84:26–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barranco A, Alonso-Salces RM, Corta E, Berrueta L, Gallo B, Vicente F, Sarobe M. 2004. Comparison of donor–acceptor and alumina columns for the clean-up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oils. Food Chem. 86:465–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battistia C, Girellia AM, Tarola AM. 2015. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in yogurt samples. Food Addit Contam. 8(1):50–55.
   Google Scholar
• Bogusz MJ, El Hajj SA, Ehaideb Z, Hassan H, Al-Tufail M. 2004. Rapid determination of benzo(a)pyrene in olive oil samples with solid-phase extraction and low-pressure. wide-bore gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and fast liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A. 1026:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratinova S, Zelinkova Z, Karasek L, Wenzl T 2013. Report on the 13th inter-laboratory comparison organised by the European Union Reference Laboratory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - four marker PAHs in spiked olive oil. EUR 25999 EN.
   Google Scholar
• Brum DM, Cassella RJ, Pereira Netto AD. 2008. Multivariate optimization of a liquid-liquid extraction of the EPA-PAHs from natural contaminated waters prior to determination by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Talanta. 74:1392–1399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [CAC] Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2010. Codex Standard for fermented milks (Codex Stan 243-2003). Codex Alimentarious Standard. Rome (Italy): Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. www.fao.org/
   Google Scholar
• Chen L, Huang X. 2016. Sensitive monitoring of fluoroquinolones in milk and honey using multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 64:8684−8693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dost K, İdeli C. 2012. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and barbecued food by HPLC/UV–vis detection. Food Chem. 133:193–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2006. Commission regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. L364:5–24.
   Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2011. Commission regulation (EU) No 835/2011 of 19 August 2011 amending regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. L215:4–8.
   Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2011. Commission regulation (EU) No 836/2011 of 19 August 2011amending regulation (EC) No 333/2007 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of lead. cadmium. mercury. inorganic tin. 3-MCPD and benzo(a)pyrene in foo. Off J Eur Union. L215:9–16.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food1, scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain, (Question N° EFSA-Q-2007-136), Adopted on 9 June 2008. EFSA J. 724:1–114.
   Google Scholar
• Eurachem Guid. 2014. The fitness for purpose of analytical methods A. laboratory guide to method validation and related topics. Second edition.
   Google Scholar
• Fromberg A, Højgård A, Duedahl-Olesen L. 2007. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils combining gel permeation chromatography with solid-phase extraction clean-up. Food Addit Contam. 24:758–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grova N, Salquèbre G, Schroeder H, Brice MRA. 2011. Determination of PAHs and OH-PAHs in rat brain by gas chromatography tandem (Triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 24(10):1653–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Lee HK. 2013. Microwave assisted extraction combined with solvent bar microextraction for one-step solvent-minimized extraction, cleanup and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples. J Chromatogr A. 1286:9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haleyur N, Shahsavari E, Mansur A, Koshlaf E, Morrison P, Osborn A, Ball A. 2016. Comparison of rapid solvent extraction systems for the GC–MS/MS characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aged, contaminated soil. MethodsX. 3:364–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollosi L, Wenzl T. 2011. Development and optimisation of a dopant assisted liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure photo ionisation-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 15+1 EU priority PAHs in edible oils. J Chromatogr A. 1218:23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzler C, Luch A, Filser JG. 2011. Analysis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex environmental mixtures by LC-APPI-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta. 702:218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1979. IARC Environmental Carcinogens selected methods of analysis.  Analaysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Lyon (France); [accessed 1979 Sep]. http://www.iarc.fr/.
   Google Scholar
• [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2010. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. Lyon (France); [accessed 2010 Volume 92]. http://www.iarc.fr/.
   Google Scholar
• [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1983. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Polynuclear aromatic compounds. Part 1. Chemical, environmental and experimental data. Lyon (France); [cited 2002 Jun Volume 83]. http://www.iarc.fr/.
   Google Scholar
• [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Chemical agents and related occupations. A review of human carcinogens. Lyon (France); [cited 2009 Oct Volume 100F]. http://www.iarc.fr/.
   Google Scholar
• King AJ, Readman JW, Zhou JL. 2004. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 523:259–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin G, Weigel S, Tang B, Schulz C, Shen J. 2011. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in peking duck: relevance to food safety assessment. Food Chem. 129:524–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintelmann J, Fischer K, Karg E, Schroppel A. 2005. Determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol samples by highperformance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 38:508–519.
   Google Scholar
• López-Jiménez FJ, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Soledad R. 2014. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) in food by vesicular supramolecular solvent-based microextraction and LC–fluorescence detection. Food Chem. 143:341–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoudpour M, Pilevar Z, Javanmardi F, Taram F, Mousavi MM. 2018. PAHs in toasted bread: determination using microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Methods. 10:2398–2404.
   Google Scholar
• Metin M, Ozturk GF. 2016. Analysis methods of milk and milk products. 10th ed. Bornova (Izmir, Turkey): Ege University Press; p. 439. (in Turkish).
   Google Scholar
• Moreda W, Pérez-Camino M, Cert A. 2001. Gas and liquid chromatography of hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A. 936:159–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naccari C, Cristani M, Giofrè F, Ferrante M, Siracusa L, Trombetta D. 2011. PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples. Food Res Int. 44:716–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öney Tan A. 2011. Yogurt in the Turkish Kitchen. In: Saberi H, editor. Cured, fermented and smoked foods: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on food and cookery 2010. Blackawton (Totnes, Devon, Great Britain): Prospect Books, Allaleigh House; p. 322–332.
   Google Scholar
• Nieva-Cano MJ, Rubio-Barroso S, Santos-Delgado MJ. 2001. Determination of PAH in food samples by HPLC with fluorimetric detection following sonication extraction without sample clean-up. Analyst. 126:1326–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. 2007. Rapid validated method for the analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in vegetable oils by using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1176:231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. 2013. Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence. legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta. 105:292–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey-Salgueiro L, Garcıa-Falcon MS, Martınez-Carballo E, Simal-Gandara J. 2008. Effects of toasting procedures on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in toasted bread. Food Chem. 108:607–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanagi MM, Loh SH, Wan Ibrahim WA, Hasan MN, Enein HYA. 2013. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh milk by hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci. 51:112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoker M, Tran K, Smith RE. 2010. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in shrimp. J Agric Food Chem. 58:12101–12104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surma M, Anna Sadowska‑Rociek A, Ewa C. 2014. The application of d‑SPE in the QuEChERS method for the determination of PAHs in food of animal origin with GC–MS detection. Eur Food Res Technol. 238:1029–1036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamime AY, Robinson RK. 2007. Tamime and Robinson’s yogurt: science and technology. Third ed. FL (USA): CRC Press LLC; p. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ünsal A. 2007. “Silivrim Kaymak!” Türkiye’nin Yoğurtları, A.Ş. (Beyoğlu, İstanbul): Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık Tic. ve San; p. 142–147.
   Google Scholar
• Veyrand B, Brosseaud A, Sarcher L, Varlet V, Monteau F, Marchand P, Andre F, Le Bizec B. 2007. Innovative method for determination of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-in food and oil samples using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry based on an isotope dilution approach. J Chromatogr A. 1149:333–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Lin K, Huang X, Chen M. 2017. A simple and fast extraction method for the determination of multiclass antibiotics in eggs using LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem. 65:5064−5073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzl T, Simon R, Anklam E, Kleiner J. 2006. Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 25:716–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan J, Kim M, Haberl M, Kwok H, Brunswick P. 2018. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water using simplified liquid–liquid micro-extraction and pseudo-MRM GC/MS/MS. Anal Methods. 10:405–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinkova Z, Wenzl T. 2015. The occurrence of 16 EPA PAHs in food – a review. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 35:248–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zougagh M, Redigolo H, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. 2004. Screening and confirmation of PAHs in vegetable oil samples by use of supercritical fluid extraction in conjunction with liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection. Anal Chim Acta. 525:265–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar