The analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances at ppt level in milk and egg using UHPLC-MS/MS

References

• Bao J, Yu W-J, Liu Y, Wang X, Jin Y-H, Dong G-H. 2019. Perfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater and home-produced vegetables and eggs around a fluorochemical industrial park in China. Ecotox Environ Safe. 171:199–205. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbarossa A, Gazzotti T, Zironi E, Serraino A, Pagliuca G. 2014. Short communication: monitoring the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in Italian cow milk. J Dairy Sci. 97:3339–3343. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barwick V, Bravo PPM, Ellison SL, Engman J, Gjengedal EL, Lund UO, Magnusson B, Müller H-T, Patriarca M, Pohl B, et al. 2014. The fitness for purpose of analytical methods. Eurachem.
   Google Scholar
• Beekman M, Zweers P, Muller A, de Vries W, Janssen P, Zeilmaker M. 2016. Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by chemours. Dordrecht: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven.
   Google Scholar
• Benskin JP, Bataineh M, Martin JW. 2007. Simultaneous characterization of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide isomers by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 79(17):6455–6464. doi:10.1021/ac070802d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendsen BJA, Meijer T, Wegh R, Mol HGJ, Smyth WG, Armstrong Hewitt S, van Ginkel L, Nielen MWF. 2016. A critical assessment of the performance criteria in confirmatory analysis for veterinary drug residue analysis using mass spectrometric detection in selected reaction monitoring mode. Drug Test Anal. 8(5–6):477–490. doi:10.1002/dta.2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendsen BJA, Stolker LAM, Nielen MWF. 2013. The (un)certainty of selectivity in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectr. 24:154–163. doi:10.1007/s13361-012-0501-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, van Leeuwen SPJ. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Asses. 7:513–541. doi:10.1002/ieam.258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delatour T, Mottier P, Gremaud E. 2007. Limits of suspicion, recognition and confirmation as concepts that account for the confirmation transitions at the detection limit for quantification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1169:103–110. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EFSA CONTAM] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. 2018. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J. 16(12):5194. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EFSA CONTAM] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. 2020. Draft Scientific Opinion on the risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2002. Commission Decision 2002/657/EC implementing council directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results, 2002. Off J Europ Commun. L221:8–36.
   Google Scholar
• [NVWA] Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety. 2018. Discussion on required limit of quantification for risk assessment studies of PFOA and GenX in food products. Utrecht: Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA).
   Google Scholar
• Hansen KJ, Clemen LA, Ellefson ME, Johnson HO. 2001. Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ Sci Technol. 35:766–770. doi:10.1021/es001489z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz W, Kamps LVR, Boyer KW. 1980. Quality assurance in the analysis of foods for trace constituents. Off Anal Chem. 63:1344–1354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssen P. 2017. Derivation of a lifetime drinking-water guideline for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (FRD-903) – revised version January 2017. Bilthoven: Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM). Appendix to letter 0148/2016/M&V/EvS/AV.
   Google Scholar
• Kedikoglou K, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L. 2019. Preliminary assessment of general population exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through diet in Greece. Environ Res. 177:108617. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luque N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, van Leeuwen S, Rubio S. 2012. A simple and rapid extraction method for sensitive determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in blood serum suitable for exposure evaluation. J Chromatogr A. 1235:84–91. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [NEN] Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut. 2011. 7777:2011/C1:2012. Environment and food - Performance characteristics of measurement methods. Delft: Stichting Koninklijk Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NEN).
   Google Scholar
• [NEN] Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut. 2018. NEN-EN-ISO/IEC 17025:2018. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Delft: Stichting Koninklijk Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NEN).
   Google Scholar
• Noorlander CW, van Leeuwen SPJ, Te Biesebeek JD, Mengelers MJB, Zeilmaker MJ. 2011. Levels of perfluorinated compounds in food and dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA in The Netherlands. J Agr Food Chem. 59:7496–7505. doi:10.1021/jf104943p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for Risk Assessment and Research. 2019. Advice on PFOA and GenX in food. Letter to the minister of mediacal care and sports. Utrecht: Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA).
   Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Wang J, Yeung LWY, Wei S, Dai J. 2020. Analysis of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: progress and current issues. TrAC Trend Anal Chem. 124:115481. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadia M, Yeung LWY, Fiedler H. 2020. Trace level analyses of selected perfluoroalkyl acids in food: method development and data generation. Environ Pollut. 263:113721. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2019. SANTE/12682/2019. Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed.
   Google Scholar
• Still M, Schlummer M, Gruber L, Fiedler D, Wolz G. 2013. Impact of industrial production and packaging processes on the concentration of per- and polyfluorinated compounds in milk and dairy products. J Agr Food Chem. 61:9052–9062. doi:10.1021/jf4020137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderland EM, Hu XC, Dassuncao C, Tokranov AK, Wagner CC, Allen JG. 2019. A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol. 29:131–147. doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sznajder-Katarzyńska K, Surma M, Wiczkowski W, Cieślik E. 2019. The perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination level in milk and milk products in Poland. Int Dairy J. 96:73–84. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program#mfg
   Google Scholar
• Wen-Ling C, Fang-Yu B, Ying-Chia C, Pau-Chung C, Chia-Yang C. 2018. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women. J Food Drug Anal. 26:994–1004. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2017.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafeiraki E, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L, Dassenakis E, Hoogenboom RLAP, van Leeuwen SPJ. 2016. Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in home and commercially produced chicken eggs from the Netherlands and Greece. Chemosphere. 144:2106–2112. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeilmaker MJ, Janssen P, Versteegh A, Pul A, Vries W, Bokkers B, Wuijts S, Oomen A, Herremans J. 2016. Risicoschatting emissie PFOA voor omwonenden.
   Google Scholar