An updated estimate of benzoate intakes from non-alcoholic beverages in Canada and the United States

References

• Akbari-adergani B, Poorasad M, Esfandiari Z. 2018. Sunset yellow, tartrazine and sodium benzoate in orange juice distributed in Iranian market and subsequent exposure assessment. Int Food Res J. 25:975–981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverage Digest & Zenith International. 2020. Per capita consumption of carbonated soft drinks in 2019 in the ten most populated countries worldwide (in 8-ounce servings). In: Consumer goods & FMCG: non-alcoholic beverages [statistics]. New York, NY: Statista Inc. [release date: Sep. 2020]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/505794/cds-per-capita-consumption-in-worlds-top-ten-population-countries/.
   Google Scholar
• [BMC] Beverage Marketing Corporation. 2020. Who we are [Internet] [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.beveragemarketing.com/who-we-are.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Boon PE, Nij ET, van Donkersgoed G, van Klaveren JD. 2004. Probabilistic intake calculations performed for the Codex Committee on pesticide residues [Internet]. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Institute of Food Safety (RIKILT), department of Safety & Health, Cluster Databases & Risk Assessment. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCPR/ccpr36/pr4crd2e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Boon PE, Van Klaveren JD. 2003. Guidelines regarding probabilistic exposure assessment 2295 in the safety evaluation of pesticides in the EU market. Study on probabilistic assessment 2296 consumer training. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Rikilt Institute of Food Safety. (B1-3330/SANCO/2002584). Cited in: EFSA 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Briefel RR, Sempos CT, McDowell MA, Chien S, Alaimo K. 1997. Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: underreporting of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 65(4, Suppl):1203S–1209S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1203S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [CAC] Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2003. Appendix IV. Working principles for risk analysis for application in the framework of the Codex Alimentarius. In: Report of the 26th session Jun. 30-July 7, 2003, Rome [Internet] [Accessed 2020 July 29]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4800E/y4800e00.htm.
   Google Scholar
• [CAC] Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2019. Benzoates (210-213). In: Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) online database. Updated up to the 42nd Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2019) [Internet]. (GSFA, Codex STAN 192−1995). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.fao.org/gsfaonline/groups/details.html?id=162.
   Google Scholar
• [CCFA] Codex Committee on Food Additives. 2016. Benzoic acid. 48th Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives, Mar. 14-18, 2016, Xi’an, Peoples Republic of China [Internet]. (REP16/FA); 3, 63. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-711-48%252FReport%252FREP16_FAe.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: analytic guidelines, 1999–2010 [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Number 161). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_161.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018a. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2015-2016 – dietary data – dietary interview – individual foods, first day and second day [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). [Published: 2018 July; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/datapage.aspx?Component=Dietary&CycleBeginYear=2015.
   Google Scholar
• [CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018b. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): analytic guidelines, 2011-2014 and 2015-2016 [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/analyticguidelines/11−16-analytic-guidelines.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020a. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2015-2016 [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). [Reviewed: 2/21/2020; Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/nhanes11_12.aspx;https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/continuousnhanes/default.aspx?BeginYear=2015.
   Google Scholar
• [CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020b. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2015-2016 overview [Internet]. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). [Reviewed: 2/21/2020; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/datapage.aspx?Component=Dietary&CycleBeginYear=2015.
   Google Scholar
• Chaleshtori FS, Arian A, Chaleshtori RS. 2018. Assessment of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in some products in Kashan, Iran with estimation of human health risk. Food Chem Toxicol. 120:634–638. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dazult Ltd. 2018. DaDiet - the dietary intake evaluation tool software [Internet]. (Version 17.04). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://dadiet.daanalysis.com.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2006. Guidance on uncertainty in EFSA scientific assessment: draft. Efsa J. 219. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.20YY.NNNN.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012. Guidance on the use of probabilistic methodology for modelling dietary exposure to pesticide residues. Efsa J. 10:283995. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2839.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2016. Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives. Efsa J. 14:4433 110. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Data PLC. 2020. Who we are [Internet] [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.globaldata.com/consumer/about-us/.
   Google Scholar
• Han E, Powell LM. 2013. Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet. 113(1):43–53. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. 2020. List of permitted preservatives. Lists of permitted food additives, no. 11 [Internet] [Issued: 2020-05-05; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/food-additives/lists-permitted/11-preservatives.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman TE, Hanneman WH. 2017. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis of benzoic acid in rats, guinea pigs and humans: implications for dietary exposures and interspecies uncertainty. Comput Toxicol. 3:19–32. doi:10.1016/j.comtox.2017.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1974a. 5.2 Antimicrobials. Benzoic acid. In: Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications. Seventeenth Report of JECFA, June 25-July 4, 1973, Geneva [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 539; Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53); 16, 35. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41072/WHO_TRS_539.pdf?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1974b. Benzoic acid and its potassium and sodium salts. In: Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents. Seventeenth Meeting of JECFA, June 25-July 4, 1973, Geneva [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). (WHO Food Additives Series No. 5; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 539; Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je06.htm.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1997. 3.6. Miscellaneous substances. 3.6.1. Benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and the benzoate salts Benzaldehyde]. In: Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. 46th report of JECFA, Feb. 5−16, 1996, Geneva [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). (WHO Technical Report Series, no 868); 41–43, 59. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_868.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2015. Benzoates: dietary exposure assessment. In: Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Eightieth meeting of JECFA, June 16-25, 2015, Rome [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). (WHO Technical Report Series, no 71); 3–26, 129−130. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/198360/1/9789240694897_eng.pdf?ua=1.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2020. List of substances schedule for evaluation and request for data [Benzoic acid and its salts (INS 210-212)]. In: JECFA eightieth meeting [call for data]. List of substances scheduled for evaluation and request for data, 92nd JECFA June [7−18, 2021] [forthcoming meeting] [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/food-safety/jecfa-92-call-for-data.pdf?sfvrsn=676f55b_4.
   Google Scholar
• Kieckebusch W, Lang K. 1960. Die Verträglichkeit dir Benzoesäure im chronischen Fütterungversuch [Tolerance of benzoic acid in chronic feeding]. Arzneimittel Forschung. 10: 1001–1003. German, English abstract.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krebs-Smith SM, Graubard BI, Kahle LL, Subar AF, Cleveland LE, Ballard-Barbash R. 2000. Low energy reporters vs others: a comparison of reported food intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 54(4):281–287. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martyn DM, Lau AA, Darch MN, Roberts AS. 2017. Benzoates intakes from non-alcoholic beverages in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A. 34(9):1485–1499. doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1338836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniappan U, Cue RI, Payette H, Gray-Donald K. 2003. Implications of day-to-day variability on measurements of usual food and nutrient intakes. J Nutr. 133(1):232–235. doi:10.1093/jn/133.1.232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin BM, Hawkes C. 2016. Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4(2):174–186. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00419-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [SCF] Scientific Committee for Food. 1996. Opinion on benzoic acid and its salts (expressed on 25 Feburary 1994). In: Food science and techniques [Internet]. Brussels ((Belgium)): Commission of the European Communities (EEC). (Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 35th Series); 29–34. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/sci-com_scf_reports_35.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [SCF] Scientific Committee for Food. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on benzoic acid and its salts (expressed on 24 September 2002) [Internet]. Brussels (Belgium): European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. (SCF/CS/ADD/CONS/48 Final). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/sci-com_scf_out137_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Shin J-W, Kim J-B, Cho HJ, Suh H-J. 2017. Estimated daily intakes of benzoic acid and sorbic acid in South Korea. J Food Nutr Res. 56:244–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Lim S, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. 2015. Global, regional, and national consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and milk: a systematic assessment of beverage intake in 187 countries [Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE)]. PLoS One. 10(8):e0124845. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Lim S, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. 2019. Correction: global, regional, and national consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and milk: a systematic assessment of beverage intake in 187 countries [Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE)]. PLoS One. 14(3):e0214344. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2017a. Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition (CCHS). Detailed information for 2015 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada, Statistics Canada. [Released: June 20, 2017; Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=201486.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2017b. 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) – nutrition. User Guide. Ottawa (ON):Health Canada, Statistics Canada. [Aug. 2017; Accessed 2020 July 30].
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2017c. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada, Statistics Canada. [Modified: 2017-08-24; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-nutrition-surveillance/health-nutrition-surveys/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs.html.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2018a. Canadian Community Health Survey – nutrition: public use microdata file, 2015 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada, Statistics Canada. (82M0024X2018001). [Released: Dec. 21, 2018; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/82M0024X2018001.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2018b. 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition - Food and nutrition surveillance [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada, Statistics Canada. [Modified: 2018-04-18; Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-nutrition-surveillance/health-nutrition-surveys/canadian-community-health-survey-cchs/2015-canadian-community-health-survey-nutrition-food-nutrition-surveillance.html.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2018c. 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) – nutrition. User guide. Ottawa (ON):Health Canada, Statistics Canada. [Dec 2017; Accessed 2020 July 30].
   Google Scholar
• Tran NL, Barraj LM, Hearty AP, Jack MM. 2020a. Tiered intake assessment for food colours. Food Addit Contam Part A. 37(7):1118–1134. doi:10.1080/19440049.2020.1736341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran NL, Barraj LM, Hearty AP, Jack MM. 2020b. Tiered intake assessment for low- and no- calorie sweeteners. Food Addit Contam Part A. 37(7):1118–1134. In Press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [USDA] US Department of Agriculture. 2019. What we eat in America: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2015-2016 [Internet]. Riverdale (MD): US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Last Modified: 10/ 17/2019. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=13793#release.
   Google Scholar
• [USFDA] US Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Part 582—Substances generally recognized as safe. §582.3021—Benzoic acid. In: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: food and drugs (Food and Drug Administration) [Internet]. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office (GPO). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=dbf2d5d88f21f1e7ea996b88b1614c10&ty=HTML&h=L&mc=true&n=pt21.6.582&r=PART#se21.6.582_13021.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 2000. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, no 26. [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad26_rev_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. Chapter 6. Dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food. In: Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in foods [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). (Environmental Health Criteria 240). [Accessed 2020 July 30]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44065/WHO_EHC_240_9_eng_Chapter6.pdf;jsessionid=8ED627057075C701FB783EFDCC02229A?sequence=9.
   Google Scholar
• Zu K, Pizzurro DM, Lewandowski TA, Goodman JE. 2017. Pharmacokinetic data reduce uncertainty in the acceptable daily intake for benzoic acid and its salts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 89:83–94. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar