290
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Probabilistic modelling techniques in dietary exposure assessment: application on the risk assessment of cadmium for Austrian adults

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1301-1315 | Received 27 Feb 2021, Accepted 08 Apr 2021, Published online: 02 Jun 2021

References

  • [AFEA] Austrian Federal Environment Agency, Zethner G, Goodchild R 2001. A risk assessment for cadmium in Austria based on the recommendations of ERM. Final Report. Vienna (Austria) .
  • [AFMSAHCCP] Austrian Federal Ministry for Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection. 2020. Aktionswerte für bestimmte Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln. Veröffentlicht mit Geschäftszahl. [Action values for certain contaminants in food. Published with reference number]: BMG-75210/0013-II/B/13/2015, 18.5.2015. Änderungen, Ergänzungen [Changes, additions]: BMG-75210/0036-II/B/13/2015 (27.1.2016), BMGF-75210/0017-II/B/13/2017 (13.11.2017), BMASGK-75210/0008-IX/B/13/2018 (17.07.2018), BMASGK-75210/0006-IX/B/13/2019 (05.07.2019), BMSGPK-2020-0.237.827-IX/B/13/2020 (04.05.2020). German.
  • [AGES] Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Marchart K, Kuffner M, Hofstädter D, Keckeis A, Manner K 2013. Aufnahme von Cadmium über Lebensmittel 2007–2012. Intake of cadmium from food 2007-2012. Vienna, Austria, German .
  • [AGES] Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vlachou C, Hofstädter D. 2019. Joint venture on the further development of chemical exposure assessment by use of probabilistic modelling. EFSA J . 17(S2):e170905, 12. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.e170905 .
  • Åkesson A, Barregard L, Bergdahl IA, Nordberg GF, Nordberg M, Skerfving S. 2014. Non-renal effects and the risk assessment of environmental cadmium exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 122(5):431–438. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307110 .
  • Åkesson A, Berglund M, Schutz A, Bjellerup P, Bremme K, Vahter M. 2002. Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status. Am J Public Health. 92(2):284–287. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.2.284 .
  • Aoshima K, Fan J, Cai Y, Katoh T, Teranishi H, Kasuya M. 2003. Assessment of bone metabolism in cadmium-induced renal tubular dysfunction by measurements of biochemical markers. Toxicol Lett. 136(3):183–192. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00356-9 .
  • [ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). 2012. Toxicological profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. p. 261–305. [accessed 2020 Mar 21]. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.pdf .
  • [ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). 2017. ATSDR’s substance priority list. [accessed 2020 Oct 21]. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html .
  • Buha A, Matovic V, Antonijevic B, Bulat Z, Curcic M, Renieri EA, Tsatsakis AM, Schweitzer A, Wallace D. 2018. Overview of cadmium thyroid disrupting effects and mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 19(5):1501. doi:10.3390/ijms19051501 .
  • de Boer WJ, Goedhart PW, Hart A, Kennedy MC, Kruisselbrink J, Owen H, Roelofs W, Van Der Voet H December 2016. MCRA 8.2 a web-based program for Monte Carlo Risk Assessment. Reference Manual. Bilthoven (Netherlands): WUR/Biometris, Wageningen, Netherlands. Food and Environmental Research Agency (FERA), York, U.K. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
  • [EC] Council Directive 98/83/EC of. 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. ELI. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/83/oj .
  • [EC] Commission Regulation No 1881/2006 of. 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. ELI. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1881/oj .
  • [EC] Commission Regulation No 333/2007 of. 28 March 2007 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, inorganic tin, 3-MCPD and benzo(a)pyrene in foodstuffs. ELI. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2007/333/oj .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority Scientific Committee; Benford D, Halldorsson T, Jeger MJ, Knutsen HK, More S, Naegeli H, Noteborn H, Ockleford C, Ricci A, Rychen G, et al. 2018. Guidance on uncertainty analysis in scientific assessments. EFSA J. 16(1):5123, 39. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5123 .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority, Dujardin B, Bocca V. 2019. Scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using SAS® software. EFSA J. 17(9):5763, 49. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5763 .
  • [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency. 2013a. Support document for identification of cadmium. [accessed 2020 Oct 10]. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/a048359b-de39-4b7e-8602-51272a55aeae .
  • [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency. 2013b. Decision ED/69/2013 of the European chemicals agency: inclusion of substances of very high concern in the candidate list. [accessed 2020 Mar 31]. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/fd80f890-fb73-4201-8e2f-06dc04eaf5a9 .
  • [ECHA] European Chemicals Agency. 2020. Cadmium - substance information. [accessed 2020 Oct 24]. https://echa.europa.eu/el/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.320 .
  • Edward J, Ackerman C\. 2016. A review of diabetes mellitus and exposure to the environmental toxicant cadmium with an emphasis on likely mechanisms of action. Curr Diabetes Rev. 12(3):252–258. doi:10.2174/1573399811666150812142922 .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2009a. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food. EFSA J. 980:1–139. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.980 .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2009b. General principles for the collection of national food consumption data in the view of a pan-European dietary survey. EFSA J. 7(12):1435. 51. www.efsa.europa.eu .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2010. Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances. EFSA J. 8(3):96. www.efsa.europa.eu .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2011. Report on the development of a food classification and description system for exposure assessment and guidance on its implementation and use. EFSA J. 9(12):2489. 84. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012a. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM); scientific opinion on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium. EFSA J. 9(2):1975. 19. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012b. EFSA panel on plant protection products and their residues (PPR); Guidance on the use of probabilistic methodology for modelling dietary exposure to pesticide residues. EFSA J. 10(10):2839. 95. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal .
  • [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012c. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J. 10(1):2551. 37. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal .
  • [EU] Regulation 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 (Text with EEA relevance). PE/76/2018/REV/1. OJ L 170, 25.6.2019, p. 1–114 .
  • Ferrari P, Arcella D, Heraud F, Cappé S, Fabiansson S. 2013. Impact of refining the assessment of dietary exposure to cadmium in the European adult population. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 30(4):687–697. doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.777161 .
  • Ferraro PM, Costanzi S, Naticchia A, Sturniolo A, Gambaro G. 2010. Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006. BMC Public Health. 10:304. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-304.
  • Gupta CR. 2011. Reproductive and developmental toxicology. 1st ed. Burlington (MA): Academic Press (Elsevier); p. 424–426 .
  • Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP, Tomatis L, Infante PF. 2007. Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J Occup Environ Health. 13(2):202–212. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.202 .
  • [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. Monograph: Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds. [accessed 2020 Mar 31]. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C-8.pdf .
  • Jean J, Sirot V, Hulin M, Le Calvez E, Zinck J, Noël L, Vasseur P, Nesslany F, Gorecki S, Guérin T, et al. 2018. Dietary exposure to cadmium and health risk assessment in children – results of the French infant total diet study. Food Chem Toxicol. 115:358–364. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.031 .
  • Johnson MD, Kenney N, Stoica A, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Singh B, Chepko G, Clarke R, Sholler PF, Lirio AA, Foss C, et al. 2003. Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland. Nat Med. 9(8):1081–1084. doi:10.1038/nm902 .
  • Kipnis V, Midthune D, Buckman DW, Dodd KW, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, Tooze JA, Carroll RJ, Freedman LS. 2009. Modeling data with excess zeros and measurement error: application to evaluating relationships between episodically consumed foods and health outcomes. Biometrics. 65:1003–1010. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01223.x.
  • Kjellström T. 1992. Mechanism and epidemiology of bone effects of cadmium. IARC Sci Publ. 118:301–310 .
  • Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Honda R, Nishijo M, Kido T, Nakagawa H. 2008. Estimation of benchmark doses as threshold levels of urinary cadmium, based on excretion of beta2-microglobulin in cadmium-polluted and non-polluted regions in Japan. Toxicol Lett. 179(2):108–112. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.013 .
  • Kroes R, Müller D, Lambe J, Mrh L, Van Klaveren J, Kleiner J, Massey R, Mayer S, Urieta I, Verger P, et al. 2002. Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 40:327–385. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00113-2.
  • Luckett BG, Su LJ, Rood JC, Fontham ETH. 2012. Cadmium exposure and pancreatic cancer in South Louisiana. J Environ Public Health. 2012(1):180186. doi:10.1155/2012/180186 .
  • Messner B, Knoflach M, Seubert A, Ritsch A, Pfaller K, Henderson B, Shen YH, Zeller I, Willeit J, Laufer G, et al. 2009. Cadmium is a novel and independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis mechanisms and in vivo relevance. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol. 29(9):1392–1398. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.190082.
  • Noor N, Zong G, Seely EW, Weisskopf M, James-Todd T. 2018. Urinary cadmium concentrations and metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults: the national health and nutrition examination survey 2001–2014. Environ Int. 121(Pt1):349–356. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.029 .
  • Nordberg GF. 2009. Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1. 238(3):192–200. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.015 .
  • Peraza MA, Ayala-Fierro F, Barber DS, Casarez E, Rael LT. 1998. Effects of micronutrients on metal toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 106(Suppl. I):203–207. doi:10.1289/ehp.98106s1203.
  • Pouillot R, Delignette-Muller M-L. 2010. Evaluating variability and uncertainty separately in microbial quantitative risk assessment using two R packages. Int J Food Microbiol. 142(3):330–340. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.011.
  • [R]R Core Team. 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org.
  • Rust P, Hasenegger V, König J 2017. Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2017. Austrian nutrition report 2017. Vienna (Austria, German): University of Vienna.
  • Schoeters G, Hond ED, Zuurbier M, Naginiene R, van den Hazel P, Stilianakis N, Ronchetti R, Koppe JG. 2006. Cadmium and children: exposure and health effects. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 95(453):50–54. doi:10.1080/08035320600886232.
  • Schwarz MA, Lindtner O, Blume K, Heinemeyer G, Schneider K. 2014. Cadmium exposure from food: the German LExUKon project. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 31(6):1038–1051. doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.905711.
  • Spiegel H, Sager M, Oberforster M, Mechtler K, Stüger HP, Baumgarten A. 2009. Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety. Environ Geochem Health. 31:549–560. doi:10.1007/s10653-009-9254-5.
  • Spungen JH. 2019. Children’s exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2014-16. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 36(6):893–903. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1595170.
  • Tellez-Plaza M, Jones MR, Dominguez-Lucas A, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A. 2013. Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 15(10):356. doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0356-2.
  • Thompson J, Bannigan J. 2008. Cadmium: toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod Toxicol. 25(3):304–315. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.02.001.
  • [U.S. EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS): volume III - Part A: process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment. EPA 540-R-02-002. Washington (DC). [accessed 2020 Sept 13]. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rags3adt_complete.pdf.
  • [UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2010. Final review of scientific information on cadmium. [accessed 2021 Apr 3]. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27636/Cadmium_Review.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • [UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. Global chemicals outlook II: summary for policymakers. [accessed 2020 Oct 24] . https://papersmart.unon.org/resolution/uploads/k1900123.pdf#overlaycontext=presessionunea–4 .
  • van der Voet H, De Boer WJ, Kruisselbrink JW, Goedhart PW, van der Heijden GWAM, Kennedy MC, Boon PE, van Klaveren JD. 2015. The MCRA model for probabilistic single-compound and cumulative risk assessment of pesticides. Food Chem Toxicol. 79:5–12. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.014 .
  • Vejdovszky K, Mihats D, Griesbacher A, Wolf J, Steinwider J, Lueckl J, Jank B, Kopacka I, Rauscher-Gabernig E. 2019. Modified Reference Point Index (mRPI) and a decision tree for deriving uncertainty factors: a practical approach to cumulative risk assessment of food contaminant mixtures. Food Chem Toxicol. 134:110812. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110812 .
  • Vlachou C, Hofstädter D, Rauscher-Gabernig E, Griesbacher A, Fuchs K, König J. 2020a. Risk assessment of nitrites for the Austrian adult population with probabilistic modelling of the dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol. 143:111480. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111480.
  • Vlachou C, Hofstädter D, Rauscher-Gabernig E, Griesbacher A, Fuchs K, König J. 2020b. Probabilistic risk assessment of nitrates for Austrian adults and estimation of the magnitude of their conversion into nitrites. Food Chem Toxicol. 145:111719. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111719 .
  • Vromman V, Waegeneers N, Cornelis C, De Boosere I, Van Holderbeke M, Vinkx C, Smolders E, Huyghebaert A, Pussemier L. 2010. Dietary cadmium intake by the Belgian adult population. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 27(12):1665–1673. doi:10.1080/19440049.2010.525752.
  • WaalkesMP. 2000. Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J Inorg Biochem. 79:241–244. doi:10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00009-x.
  • Wallace DR. 2017. Expanding the role of cadmium in pancreatic cancer. EC Pharmacol Toxicol ECO. 1:19–21.
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2008. Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Chapter 6: dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food. [accessed 2021 Apr 2]. https://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/dietary_exposure.pdf .
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2010a. WHO human health risk assessment toolkit: chemical hazards (IPCS harmonization project document; no. 8). [accessed 2020 Jun 25]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44458/9789241548076_eng.pdf;jsessionid=06F72D6403A31B82B28A6AF5AEB03907?sequence=1 .
  • [WHO] World Health Organization. 2010b. Exposure to Cadmium: a major public health concern (2019 Revision). [accessed 2019 Dec 8]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329480/WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.3-eng.pdf .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.