Assessment of heavy metals in wild and farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on Lake Kariba, Zambia: implications for human and fish health

References

• Abdel-Baki AS, Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy S. 2011. Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in tilapia fish relevant to their concentration in water and sediment of Wadi Hanifah, Saudi Arabia. AFR J BIOTECHNOL. 10:2541–2547. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriano DC. 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments: biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag; p. 91–131.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed K, Baki MA, Kundu GK, Saiful I, Monirul I, Muzammel H. 2016. Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga river, Bangladesh. SpringerPlus. 5(1):1697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3357-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amundsen P-A, Staldvik FJ, Lukin AA, Kashulin NA, Popova OA, Reshetnikov YS. 1997. Heavy metal contamination in freshwater fish from the border region between Norway and Russia. Sci Total Environ. 201(3):211–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)84058-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G. 2020. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in aquatic sediments and freshwater fish caught from Thamirabarani River, the Western Ghats of South Tamil Nadu. Mar Pollut Bull. 159:111496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Authman MM, Abbas WT, Gaafar AY. 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus () from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 84:163–172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballester-Molto M, Sanchez-Jerez P, Aguado-Gimenez F. 2017. Consumption of particulate wastes derived from cage fish farming by aggregated wild fish. An experimental approach. Mar Environ Res. 130:166–173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamuwamye M, Ogwok P, Tumuhairwe V. 2015. Cancer and non-cancer risks associated with heavy metal exposures from street foods: evaluation of roasted meats in an urban setting. J Environ Pollut Human Health. 3(2):24–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-3-2-1.
   Google Scholar
• Basaran AK, Aksu M, Egemen O. 2010. Impacts of the fish farms on the water column nutrient concentrations and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments in the eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey). Environ Monit Assess. 162(1):439–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0808-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béné C, Barange M, Subasinghe R, Pinstrup-Andersen P, Merino G, Hemre G-I, Williams M. 2015. Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – putting fish back on the menu. Food Security. 7(2):261–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0427-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg H, Kiibus M, Kautsky N. 1995. Heavy metals in tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 83(3):237–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00477355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg H, Martina K, Kautsky N. 1992. DDT and other insecticides in the Lake Kariba ecosystem, Zimbabwe. Ambio. 21(7):444–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birungi Z, Masola B, Zaranyika MF, Naigaga I, Marshall B. 2007. Active biomonitoring of trace heavy metals using fish (Oreochromis niloticus) as bioindicator species. The case of Nakivubo wetland along Lake Victoria. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C. 32(15):1350–1358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burridge L, Weis JS, Cabello F, Pizarro J, Bostick K. 2010. Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: a review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture. 306(1):7–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chali M, Musuka G, Confred, Nyimbili B. 2014. The impact of fishing pressure on Kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) production in Lake Kariba, Zambia! A case study of Siavonga District. Int J Agric Fish. 2(6):107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Chan CY, Tran N, Pethiyagoda S, Crissman CC, Sulser TB, Phillips MJ. 2019. Prospects and challenges of fish for food security in Africa. Global Food Security. 20:17–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.12.002
   Google Scholar
• Cheung KC, Leung HM, Wong MH. 2008. Metal concentrations of common freshwater and marine fish from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 54(4):705–715. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9064-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copaja SV, Perez CA, Vega-Retter C, Veliz D. 2017. Heavy metal content in Chilean fish related to habitat use, tissue type and river of origin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 99(6):695–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2200-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copat C, Grasso A, Fiore M, Cristaldi A, Zuccarello P, Signorelli SS, … Ferrante M. 2018. Trace elements in seafood from the Mediterranean sea: an exposure risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol. 115:13–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIRECTIVE 2013/39/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy, (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Dsikowitzky L, Tsegaye M, Dadebo E, Carvalho C, Sindern S. 2012. Assessment of heavy metals in water samples and tissues of edible fish species from Awassa and Koka Rift Valley Lakes, Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assessment, 185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2777-8
   Google Scholar
• [EC] European Commission. 2006. COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. IOP Publishing PhysicsWep. https://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/Consol_Reg1881_2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food safety. 2010. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. 8(4), 1570. doi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1570.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Safety of aluminium from dietary intake1. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC). Adopted on 22 May 2008. The EFSA Journal.
   Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. 10(12), 2985. doi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985.
   Google Scholar
• Fallah AA, Saei-Dehkordi SS, Nematollahi A, Jafari T. 2011. Comparative study of heavy metal and trace element accumulation in edible tissues of farmed and wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using ICP-OES technique. Microchem J. 98(2):275–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley, B. L, Monnot, A. D, Paustenbach, D. J, & Gaffney, S. H. (2012). Derivation of a chronic oral reference dose for cobalt. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 64(3), 491–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.022
   Google Scholar
• [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2005-2019. Cultured aquatic species information programme. Oreochromis niloticus. Cultured aquatic species information programme. Text by Rakocy, J. E. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. [Updated Oct 18 Feb 2005; cited 23 Oct 2019]. accessed 2019 Oct 23 www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oreochromis_niloticus/en .
   Google Scholar
• [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome: 200.
   Google Scholar
• [FAQ] Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2018. THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - MEETING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. Rome.
   Google Scholar
• [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2020. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. doi:https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en
   Google Scholar
• [FAO/WHO] Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation. 2002. Codex Alimentarius, Schedule 1 of the proposed draft Codex general standards for contaminants and toxins in food. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Committee, Rotterdam. PhysicsWep: http://www.fao.org/input/download/report/28/Al03_12e.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Geng -J-J, Li H, Liu J-P, Yang Y, Jin Z-L, Zhang Y-N, … Du Z-Y. 2015. Nutrients and contaminants in tissues of five fish species obtained from Shanghai markets: risk–benefit evaluation from human health perspectives. Sci Total Environ. 536:933–945. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genschick S, Kaminski AM, Kefi AS, Cole SM. 2017. Aquaculture in Zambia- An overview and evaluation of the sector’s responsiveness to the needs of the poor. Penang (Malaysia): CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems and Lusaka, Zambia: Department of Fisheries. Working Paper: FISH-2017-08.
   Google Scholar
• Hamada M, Elbayoumi Z, Khader R, Elbagory A. 2018. Assessment of heavy metal concentration in fish meat of wild and farmed nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus), Egypt. Alexandria J Vet Sci. 57:30. doi:https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.295019
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim M, Sayed E-S, Shaban A, Abdel-Ghafour S, Abouzied S, Abdel-Rahman R, Hassan M, El-Lahamy A, Adel, Abo–Zeid S, et al. 2020. Effect of location and grilling process on heavy metals concentration in muscles of different fish species, Egypt %J. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 24(6):15–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.109083.
   Google Scholar
• Jarić I, Višnjić-Jeftić Ž, Cvijanović G, Gačić Z, Jovanović L, Skorić S, Lenhardt M. 2011. Determination of differential heavy metal and trace element accumulation in liver, gills, intestine and muscle of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) from the Danube River in Serbia by ICP-OES. Microchem J. 98(1):77–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2010.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed M, Usmani N. 2017. An overview of the adverse effects of heavy metal contamination on fish health. Proc Nat Acad Sci In Sec B. 89(2):389–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0875-7.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2011. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants Seventy-Third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2017. Food Contaminants. http://apps.who.int/foodadditives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). 2007. THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2006. Rome: FAO (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; p. 1–180. Rome.
   Google Scholar
• [JECFA] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Food Agriculture Organization of the United, Nations World Health, Organization. 1989. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: thirty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives [meeting held in Geneva from 21 to 30 March 1988]. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Kaminski AM, Genschick S, Kefi AS, Kruijssen F. 2018. Commercialization and upgrading in the aquaculture value chain in Zambia. Aquaculture. 493:355–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimba MA, Henry L, Mwevura H, Mmochi AJ, Mihale M, Hellar H. 2004. The status of pesticide pollution in Tanzania. Talanta. 64(1):48–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok CK, Liang Y, Wang H, Dong YH, Leung SY, Wong MH. 2014. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and Ardeid at Pearl River Estuary, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 106:62–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung HM, Leung AOW, Wang HS, Ma KK, Liang Y, Ho KC, Yung KKL, Tohidi F, Yung KKL. 2014. Assessment of heavy metals/metalloid (As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn) concentrations in edible fish species tissue in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Mar Pollut Bull. 78(1):235–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Li J, Wang Y, Fu L, Fu Y, Li B, Jiao B. 2011. Aquaculture industry in China: current state, challenges, and outlook. Rev Fish Sci. 19(3):187–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2011.573597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIN, H. T., WONG, S. S. & LI, G.-C. 2004. Heavy metal content of rice and Shellfish in Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 12, 167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Ling M-P, Wu -C-C, Yang K-R, Hsu H-T. 2013. Differential accumulation of trace elements in ventral and dorsal muscle tissues in tilapia and milkfish with different feeding habits from the same cultured fishery pond. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 89:222–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Xu X, Yu S, Cheng H, Hong Y, Feng X. 2014. Mercury pollution in fish from South China Sea: levels, species-specific accumulation, and possible sources. Environ Res. 131:160–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyche J, Ludvig., Nøstbakken O, Jakob., Berg V. 2019. EU water framework-directive priority contaminants in Norwegian freshwater fish. Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Mansour SA, Sidky MM. 2002. Ecotoxicological Studies. 3. Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Food Chem. 78(1):15–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00197-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapenzi LL, Shimba MJ, Moto EA, Maghembe RS, Mmochi AJ. 2020. Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania. J Geochem Explor. 208:106413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marengo M, Durieux EDH, Ternengo S, Lejeune P, Degrange E, Pasqualini V, Gobert S. 2018. Comparison of elemental composition in two wild and cultured marine fish and potential risks to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 158:204–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurya PK, Malik DS, Yadav KK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kamyab H. 2019. Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in fish species in River Ganga basin: possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicol Rep. 6:472–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, L, Liu, B, He, J, Xie, J, Ge, X, Xu, P, . . . Liang, Z. (2010). Evaluation of nutritive quality and nutritional components in the muscle of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 19(5), 635–641
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed AA-K. 2009. Accumulation of heavy metals in Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from Al-Khadoud Spring, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Am J Appl Sci. 6(12). doi:https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2009.2024.2029.
   Google Scholar
• Mshana Grayson J. 2015. Mercury and lead contamination in three fish species and sediments from lake rukwa and catchment areas in Tanzania. J Health Pollut. 5(8):7–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.5696/i2156-9614-5-8.7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mwakalapa. EB, Mmochi. AJ, Müller. MHB, Mdegela. RH, Lyche. JL, Polder. A. 2018. Occurrence and levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in farmed and wild marine fish from Tanzania. A pilot study. Chemosphere. 191(438–449):438–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mwakalapa EB, Simukoko CK, Mmochi AJ, Mdegela RH, Berg V, Bjorge Muller MH, Polder A, Polder A. 2019. Heavy metals in farmed and wild milkfish (Chanos chanos) and wild mullet (Mugil cephalus) along the coasts of Tanzania and associated health risk for humans and fish. Chemosphere. 224:176–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naji A, Ismail A, Kamrani E, Sohrabi T. 2014. Correlation of MT levels in livers and gills with heavy metals in wild tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from the Klang River, Malaysia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 92(6):674–679. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1243-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama SM, Ikenaka Y, Muzandu K, Choongo K, Yabe J, Muroya T, Ishizuka M, Minagawa M, Umemura T, Ishizuka M. 2013. Geographic information system-based source estimation of copper pollution in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and metal-accumulation profiles in Oreochromis spp. from both field and laboratory studies. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 64(1):119–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9802-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Muzandu K, Choongo K, Oroszlany B, Teraoka H, Ishizuka M, Ishizuka M. 2010. Heavy metal accumulation in lake sediments, fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Serranochromis thumbergi), and Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Lake Kariba, Zambia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 59(2):291–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9483-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazir R, Khan M, Masab M, Rehman HU, Rauf NU, Shahab S, … Shaheen Z. 2015. Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water and plants and analysis of physico-chemical parameters of soil and water collected from Tanda Dam Kohat. J Pharmaceut Sci Res. 7:89–97.
   Google Scholar
• Nonga HE, Mdegela RH, Lie E, Sandvik M, Skaare JU. 2011. Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania. Af J Agric Res. 6:2216–2230. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.271
   Google Scholar
• Nyingi B, Gitahi KJ, Kiptoo M, Jackson K. 2016. Heavy metal concentrations in water and selected fish species (tilapia, catfish and lungfish) from Lake Baringo, Kenya. Int J Sci Environ. 5:4288–4295.
   Google Scholar
• Paulet G. 2014. KAPENTA RIG SURVEY OF THE ZAMBIAN WATERS OF LAKE KARIBA. Ebene (Mauritius).
   Google Scholar
• Plessl C, Gilbert BM, Sigmund MF, Theiner S, Avenant-Oldewage A, Keppler BK, Jirsa F. 2019. Mercury, silver, selenium and other trace elements in three cyprinid fish species from the Vaal Dam, South Africa, including implications for fish consumers. Sci Total Environ. 659:1158–1167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polder A, Muller MB, Lyche JL, Mdegela RH, Nonga HE, Mabiki FP, Lie E, Skaare JU, Sandvik M, Skjerve E. 2014. Levels and patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from four different lakes in Tanzania: geographical differences and implications for human health. Sci Total Environ. 488-489:252–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raknuzzaman M, Ahmed MK, Islam MS, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Tokumura M, Sekine M, Masunaga S. 2016. Trace metal contamination in commercial fish and crustaceans collected from coastal area of Bangladesh and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 23(17):17298–17310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6918-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston NVC, Kaneko JJ, Raymond LJ. 2019. Selenium health benefit values provide a reliable index of seafood benefits vs. risks. J Trace Elements Medi Biol. 55:50–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston NVC, Ralston CR, Raymond LJ. 2016. Selenium health benefit values: updated criteria for mercury risk assessments. Biol Trace Elem Res. 171(2):262–269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0516-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhea DT, Farag AM, Harper DD, McConnell E, Brumbaugh WG. 2013. Mercury and selenium concentrations in biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and fish collected in the Yankee fork of the Salmon River, Idaho, USA, and their potential effects on fish health. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 64(1):130–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9816-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha N, Mollah MZI, Alam MF, Safiur Rahman M. 2016. Seasonal investigation of heavy metals in marine fishes captured from the Bay of Bengal and the implications for human health risk assessment. Food Control. 70:110–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota A, Sapkota AR, Kucharski M, Burke J, McKenzie S, Walker P, Lawrence R. 2008. Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: current knowledge and future priorities. Environ Int. 34(8):1215–1226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaalan M, El-Mahdy M, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. 2018. Aquaculture in Egypt: insights on the current trends and future perspectives for sustainable development. Rev Fish Sci Aquacult. 26(1):99–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2017.1358696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squadrone S, Benedetto A, Brizio P, Prearo M, Abete MC. 2015. Mercury and selenium in European catfish (Silurus glanis) from Northern Italian Rivers: can molar ratio be a predictive factor for mercury toxicity in a top predator? Chemosphere. 119:24–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M, Wang P, Li Y, Kiremire BT, Kasozi GN, … Jiang G. 2014. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and fish species from the Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria, Uganda. Sci Total Environ. 500-501(1–10). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.076.
   Google Scholar
• Stankovic S, Kalaba P, & Stankovic A. R. (2014). Biota as toxic metal indicators. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12(1), 63–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0430-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subasinghe RP. 2005. Epidemiological approach to aquatic animal health management: opportunities and challenges for developing countries to increase aquatic production through aquaculture. Prev Vet Med. 67(2):117–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taweel A, Shuhaimi-Othman M. 2011. Heavy metals concentration in different organs of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from selected areas of Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Afr J Biotechnol. 10(55).
   Google Scholar
• Taweel A, Shuhaimi-Othman M, Ahmad AK. 2013. Assessment of heavy metals in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Langat River and Engineering Lake in Bangi, Malaysia, and evaluation of the health risk from tilapia consumption. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 93:45–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. 2012. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl. 101:133–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran N, Chu L, Chan CY, Genschick S, Phillips MJ, Kefi AS. 2019. Fish supply and demand for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of the Zambian fish sector. Marine Pol. 99:343–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [USEPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Final water quality guidance for the Great Lakes system. Fed. Regist. 60:15365–15425.
   Google Scholar
• [USEPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. US EPA Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) (November 2018)- Dataset- California open data. [accessed 2021 Jul 28] https://data.ca.gov/dataset/us-epa-regional-screening-levels-rsls-november-2018/resource/b66c9172-a61a-4131-997f-01f45a473a08
   Google Scholar
• Varol M, Kaya GK, Alp A. 2017. Heavy metal and arsenic concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in a dam reservoir on the Firat (Euphrates) River: risk-based consumption advisories. Sci Total Environ. 599-600:1288–1296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente-Zurdo D, Gómez-Gómez B, Pérez-Corona MT, Madrid Y. 2019. Impact of fish growing conditions and cooking methods on selenium species in swordfish and salmon fillets. J Food Compos Anal. 83:103275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos JG, Dybing E, Greim HA, Ladefoged O, Lambre C, Tarazona JV, … Vethaak AD. 2000. Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation. Crit Rev Toxicol. 30(1):71–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440091159176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem A, Arshad J, Iqbal F, Sajjad A, Mehmood Z, Murtaza G. 2014. Pollution status of Pakistan: a retrospective review on heavy metal contamination of water, soil, and vegetables. Biomed Res Int. (2014:813206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/813206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watterson. A, Little. D, Young. JA, Boyd. K, Azim. E, Murray. F. 2008. Towards integration of environmental and health impact assessments for wild capture fishing and farmed fish with particular reference to public health and occupational health dimensions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 5(258–227):258–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5040258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weis JS. 2009. Reproductive, developmental, and neurobehavioral effects of methylmercury in fishes. J Environ Sci Health Part C. 27(4):212–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500903310088.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Zang S, Guan Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Sun Q, Pei X, Li M, Wang J, Pei X. 2014. Assessment of potential risks associated with heavy metal contamination in sediment in Aobaopao Lake, China, determined from sediment cores. Ecotoxicology. 23(4):527–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1220-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yabanli M, Tay S. 2021. Selenium and mercury balance in sea bream obtained from different living environments in Turkey: a risk assessment for the consumer health. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 28(27):36069–36075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13366-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz M. 2008. Mineral composition in fillets of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata): a comparison of cultured and wild fish. J Appl Ichthyol. 24(5):589–594. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01097.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambia Central Statistical Office. (2012). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Lusaka, Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Jin X, Di Z, Zhu X, Shan B. 2016. Heavy metals in surface sediments of the shallow lakes in eastern China: their relations with environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 23(24):25364–25373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7643-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar