References
- Adekunte AO, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell CP. 2010. Exposure assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in pasteurised bovine milk using probabilistic modelling. Chemosphere. 81:509–516. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.038.
- Amutova F, Delannoy M, Baubekova A, Konuspayeva G, Jurjanz S. 2021. Transfer of persistent organic pollutants in food of animal origin – meta-analysis of published data. Chemosphere. 262:128351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128351.
- Arkenbout A. 2014. Biomonitoring of Dioxins/dl-PCBs in the north of the Netherlands; eggs of backyard chickens, cow and goat milk and soil as indicators of pollution. Organohalogen Compd. 76:1407–1410.
- Augusti DV, Nunes CM, Santos EV, Pissinatti R. 2015. Contamination of backyard chicken eggs by Dioxins, Furans and Dl-Pcbs caused by an uncontrolled fire in disposable tires. Organohalogen Compd. 77:39–42.
- Bertocchi L, Ghidini S, Fedrizzi G, Lorenzi V. 2015. Case-study and risk management of dioxins and PCBs bovine milk contaminations in a high industrialized area in Northern Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 22(13):9775–9785. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4146-y.
- Castellani F, Manzoli R, Acuti Martellucci C, Flacco ME, Astolfi ML, Fabiani L, Mastrantonio R, Avino P, Protano C, Vitali M. 2021. Journal of food protection free-range eggs from a very polluted site in central Italy: levels of polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans and polychlorinated biphenyls and estimated human dietary exposure. J Food Prot. doi:https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-126.
- Commission of the European Communities. 2008a. Commission Regulation (EC) No 589/2008 of 23 June 2008 laying down detailed rules for implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 as regards marketing standards for eggs. Off J Eur Union L 163/6. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008R0589&from=IT.
- Commission of the European Communities. 2008b. Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 of 5 September 2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and con. Off J Eur Union L 250/1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008R0889&from=EN.
- De Vries M, Kwakkel RP, Kijlstra A. 2006. Dioxins in organic eggs: a review. NJAS - Wageningen J Life Sci. 54(2):207–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(06)80023-0.
- Diletti G, Scortichini G, Abete MC, Binato G, Candeloro L, Ceci R, Chessa G, Conte A, Di Sandro A, Esposito M, et al. 2018. Intake estimates of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in the Italian general population from the 2013-2016 results of official monitoring plans in food. Sci Total Environ. 627:11–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.181.
- [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2011. Use of the EFSA comprehensive european food consumption database in. EFSA J. 9(3):2097.
- [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2012. Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed. EFSA J. 10:28–32.
- [EEA] European Environment Agency. 2021. Industrial reporting database v4 - March 2021. European pollutant release and transfer register E-PRTR [Internet]. [accessed 2021 Aug 26]. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/industrial-reporting-under-the-industrial-3.
- Domingo JL. 2014. Health risks of human exposure to chemical contaminants through egg consumption : a review. Food Res Int. 56:159–165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.036.
- [EC] European Commission. 2017. Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/644 of 5 April 2017 laying down methods of sampling and analysis for the control of levels of dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in certain foodstuffs and repealing Regulation (EU) No 589/2014. Off J Eur Union. 36(3):222.
- [EU] European Union. 2011. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 of 2 December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. L 320/18.
- [EU] European Union. 2014. Commission Recommendation 2014/663/EU of 11 September 2014 amending the Annex to Recommendation 2013/711/EU on the reduction of the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in feed and food. Off J Eur Union. L 272/17.
- Gracia A, Barreiro-Hurlé J, López-Galán B. 2014. Are local and organic claims complements or substitutes? A consumer preferences study for eggs. J Agric Econ. 65(1):49–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12036.
- Hoang TT, Traag WA, Murk ATJ, Hoogenboom RLAP. 2014. Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs in free range eggs from Vietnam, including potential health risks. Chemosphere. 114:268–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.010.
- Hoogenboom RLAP, Kan CA, Zeilmaker MJ, Van Eijkeren J, Traag WA. 2006. Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels - Influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs. Food Addit Contam. 23(5):518–527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500512037.
- [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1997. Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 69. Lyon (France): IARC
- [IARC] International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2013. Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 107. Lyon (France): IARC, pp. 1–501.
- [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, et al. 2018. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. EFSA J. 16:e05333.
- [ISPRA] Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research. 2021. Contaminated sites of national interest (SIN) [Internet]. [accessed 2021 Aug 26]. https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/activities/soil-and-territory/copy_of_contaminated-sites/contaminated-sites-of-national-interest-sin?set_language=en.
- Hoogenboom RLAP, Ten Dam G, Immerzeel J, Traag W. 2014. Building related sources of PCBs in eggs from free range hens. Organohalogen Compd. 76:1700–1703.
- Hoogenboom RLAP, Ten Dam G, Van Bruggen M, Jeurissen SMT, Van Leeuwen SPJ, Theelen RMC, Zeilmaker MJ. 2016. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in home-produced eggs. Chemosphere. 150:311–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.034.
- Hoogenboom RLAP, Ten Dam G, van Bruggen M, Zeilmaker MJ, Jeurissen SMF, van Leeuwen SPJ. 2015. Dioxins and PCB in home produced eggs in the Netherlands. Organohalogen Compd. 77:249–253.
- Hsu JF, Chen C, Liao PC. 2010. Elevated PCDD/F levels and distinctive PCDD/F congener profiles in free range eggs. J Agric Food Chem. 58(13):7708–7714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100456b.
- Lambiase S, Serpe FP, Cavallo S, Rosato G, Baldi L, Neri B, Esposito M, Lambiase S, Serpe FP, Cavallo S, et al. 2017. Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo- p - dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs from free-range hens in Campania (southern Italy) and risk evaluation. Food Addit Contam Part A. 34(1):56–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1260167.
- Leclercq C, Arcella D, Piccinelli R, Sette S, Le Donne C. 2009. The Italian national food consumption survey INRAN-SCAI 2005-06: main results: in terms of food consumption. Public Health Nutr. 12(12):2504–2532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009005035.
- Lee C, Chang W, Hung C, Chen H. 2021. Fish consumption is an indicator of exposure to non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls in cumulative risk assessments based on a probabilistic and sensitive approach. Environ Pollut. 268:115732. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115732.
- Lin C, Hsu JF, Liao PC. 2012. Coexposure of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in free-range hens and implications derived from congener profile analysis. J Agric Food Chem. 60(8):1963–1972. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204468s.
- Lohmann N, Paepke O. 2016. Dioxins and PCBs in eggs and egg products – A statistical evaluation of data received by an analytical service provider. Organohalogen Compd. 78:1158–1160.
- Lorenzi V, Ghidini S, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Varisco G, Foschini S, Diegoli G, Bertocchi L. 2016. Three years of monitoring of PCDD/F, DL-PCB and NDL-PCB residues in bovine milk from Lombardy and Emilia Romagna regions (Italy): contamination levels and human exposure assessment. Food Control. 68:45–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.034.
- Malisch R, Kotz A. 2014. Dioxins and PCBs in feed and food - review from European perspective. Sci Total Environ. 491–492:2–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.022.
- Olanca B, Cakirogullari GC, Ucar Y, Kirisik D, Kilic D. 2014. Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and indicator PCBs (ind-PCBs) in egg and egg products in Turkey. Chemosphere. 94:13–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.056.
- Pajurek M, Pietron W, Maszewski S, Mikolajczyk S, Piskorska-Pliszczynska J. 2019. Poultry eggs as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs. Chemosphere. 223:651–658. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.023.
- Petrlík J, Arkenbout A, Bell L, Behnisch PA, Straková J, Skalský M, Pulkrabová J, Gramblička T, Šír M, Rosmus J, Fišar P, Dulgaryan O, Soroka M. 2019. PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB in eggs – Data from Armenia, Belarus, Czech Republic and Ukraine. Organohalogen Compd. 88:120–123.
- Petrlik J, Teebthaisong A, Bell L. 2018. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in eggs – data from China. Kazakhstan Thailand. 80(August):369–372.
- Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Mikolajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Maszewski S, Strucinski P. 2014. Soil as a source of dioxin contamination in eggs from free-range hens on a Polish farm. Sci Total Environ. 466–467:447–454. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.061.
- Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Strucinski P, Mikolajczyk S, Maszewski S, Rachubik J, Pajurek M. 2016. Pentachlorophenol from an old henhouse as a dioxin source in eggs and related human exposure. Environ Pollut. 208:404–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.007.
- Piskorska-Pliszczyńska J, Struciński P, Mikołajczyk S, Maszewski S, Rachubik J, Warenik-Bany M. 2015. Dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in hen eggs-a new source of hazard for consumers? Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 59(4):519–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0078.
- Pizarro-Aránguiz N, Galbán-Malagón CJ, Ruiz-Rudolph P, Araya-Jordan C, Maddaleno A, San Martin B. 2015. Chemosphere occurrence, variability and human exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in dairy products from Chile during the 2011–2013 survey. Chemosphere. 126:78–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.087.
- Rawn DFK, Sadler AR, Quade SC, Sun WF, Kosarac I, Hayward S, Ryan JJ. 2012. The impact of production type and region on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations in Canadian chicken egg yolks. Chemosphere. 89(8):929–935. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.111.
- Rondoni A, Asioli D, Millan E. 2020. Consumer behaviour, perceptions, and preferences towards eggs: a review of the literature and discussion of industry implications. Trends Food Sci Technol. 106(April):391–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.038.
- Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Jedrzejczak R. 2014. Influence of hen breeding type on PCDD/F, PCB & PBDE levels in eggs. Sci Total Environ. 487(1):279–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.033.
- Schoeters G, Hoogenboom RLAP. 2006. Contamination of free-range chicken eggs with dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Mol Nutr Food Res. 50(10):908–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500201.
- Schwarz MA, Lindtner O, Blume K, Heinemeyer G, Schwarz MA, Lindtner O, Blume K, Heinemeyer G. 2014. Dioxin and dl-PCB exposure from food : the German LExUKon project. Food Addit Contam Part A. 31(4):688–702. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.878041.
- Song Y, Wu N, Han J, Shen H, Tan Y, Ding G, Xiang J, Tao H, Jin S. 2011. Levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in selected foods and estimated dietary intake for the local residents of Luqiao and Yuhang in Zhejiang, China. Chemosphere. 85(3):329–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.094.
- Sørensen S, Krüger L, Bossi R, Tl C, Kh L. 2012. Dioxins and PCBs in hen eggs from comventional and free-range farms from the Danish control program in 2012-13. Organohalogen Compd. 76(2014):3–6.
- Squadrone S, Brizio P, Nespoli R, Stella C, Abete MC. 2015. Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a s. Environ Pollut. 206:429–436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.048.
- Traag WA, Kan CA, van der Weg G, Onstenk C, Hoogenboom LAP. 2006. Residues of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs in eggs, fat and livers of laying hens following consumption of contaminated feed. Chemosphere. 65(9):1518–1525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.001.
- [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. US EPA Method 1613/B Tetra-through octa-chlorinated dioxins and furans by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS: method 1613 Revision B October 1994. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Engineering and Analysis Division.
- [US EPA] United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. US EPA Method 1668/CChlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sedi- ment, biosolids, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS: method 1668 Revision C April 2010. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Engineering and Analysis Division.
- Van Den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, et al. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci. 93(2):223–241.
- Van Eijkeren JCH, Zeilmaker MJ, Kan CA, Traag WA, Hoogenboom LAP. 2006. A toxicokinetic model for the carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs. Food Addit Contam. 23(5):509–517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500512045.
- Van Overmeire I, Waegeneers N, Sioen I, Bilau M, De Henauw S, Goeyens L, Pussemier L, Eppe G. 2009. PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in home-produced eggs from Belgium: levels, contamination sources and health risks. Sci Total Environ. 407(15):4419–4429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.058.
- Weber R, Herold C, Hollert H, Kamphues J, Blepp M, Ballschmiter K. 2018. Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management. Environ Sci Eur. 30:1.
- Winkler, J. 2015. High levels of dioxin-like PCBs found in organic-farmed eggs caused by coating materials of asbestos-cement fiber plates: A case study. Environ Int. 80:72–78.
- Wu W, Deng X, Zhou S, Liang H, Yang X, Wen J, Li X, Zhang C-Z, Zhang Y-H, Zou F. 2018. Levels, congener profiles, and dietary intake assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in beef, freshwater fish, and pork marketed in Guangdong Provinc. Sci Total Environ. 615:412–421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.273.
- Zhang L, Yin S, Wang X, Li J, Zhao Y, Li X, Shen H, Wu Y. 2015. Assessment of dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from the Chinese total diet study in 2011. Chemosp-here. 137:178–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.031.