‘From soil to chocolate bar’: identifying critical steps in the journey of cadmium in a Colombian cacao plantation

References

• Abt E, Fong Sam J, Gray P, Robin LP. 2018. Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market. Food Addit Contam Part B. 11(2):92–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1420700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abt E, Robin LP. 2020. Perspective on cadmium and lead in cocoa and chocolate. J Agric Food Chem. 68(46):13008–13015. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloway BJ, Steinnes E. 1999. Anthropogenic additions of cadmium to soils. In: McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR, editors. Cadmium in soils and plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 97–123.
   Google Scholar
• Argüello D, Chavez E, Lauryssen F, Vanderschueren R, Smolders E, Montalvo D. 2019. Soil properties and agronomic factors affecting cadmium concentrations in cacao beans: a nationwide survey in Ecuador. Sci Total Environ. 649:120–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barraza F, Moore RET, Rehkämper M, Schreck E, Lefeuvre G, Kreissig K, Coles BJ, Maurice L. 2019. Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study. RSC Adv. 9(58):34011–34022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA05516A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo D, Benavides-Erazo J. 2020. The use of a two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT) as a technique for cadmium determination in cacao crop soils. Appl Sci. 10(12):1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo D, Braissant O. 2022. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria: current trends and applications in agriculture. Lett Appl Microbiol. 74:311–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo D, Leon-Moreno C, Martínez CA, Varón-Ramírez VM, Araujo-Carrillo GA, Vargas R, Quiroga-Mateus R, Zamora A, Rodríguez EAG. 2021. The first national survey of cadmium in cacao farm soil in Colombia. Agronomy. 11(4):761–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040761.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo D, Pardo-Diaz S, Benavides-Erazo J, Rengifo-Estrada G, Braissant O, Leon-Moreno C. 2018. Cadmium and cadmium-tolerant soil bacteria in cacao crops from northeastern Colombia. J Appl Microbiol. 124(5):1175–1194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez E, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Mylavarapu RS, Li YC, Baligar VC. 2016. Chemical speciation of cadmium: an approach to evaluate plant-available cadmium in Ecuadorian soils under cacao production. Chemosphere. 150(Supplement C):57–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chetschik I, Pedan V, Chatelain K, Kneubühl M, Hühn T. 2019. Characterization of the flavor properties of dark chocolates produced by a novel technological approach and comparison with traditionally produced dark chocolates. J Agric Food Chem. 67(14):3991–4001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vuyst L, Weckx S. 2016. The cocoa bean fermentation process: from ecosystem analysis to starter culture development. J Appl Microbiol. 121(1):5–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar S, Santander M, Useche P, Contreras C, Rodríguez J. 2020. Aligning strategic objectives with research and development activities in a soft commodity sector: a technological plan for Colombian cocoa producers. Agriculture. 10(5):141–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050141.
   Google Scholar
• European-Union. 2020. COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2020/1184. On the national provisions notified by Hungary pursuant to Article 114(4) of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union concerning the cadmium content in phosphate fertilisers. Off J Eur Union. 1:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• European-Union. 2021. The European Commission, Commission Regulation (EU) No 1323/2021 of 10 August 2021 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. In: Union OJE, editor. Belgium: Commission Regulation (EU).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. Commission regulation (EU) No. 488/2014 maximum levels of cadmium in foodstuffs. Belgium: European Commission; p. 5.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. 2018. Joint FAO/WHO Food standards program, Codex committee on contaminants in food, 12th session, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 12–16 March 2018, Discussion paper on the development of a code of practice for the prevention and reduction of cadmium contamination in cacao. Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• FEDECACAO. 2021. Departamento de Estadística y Recaudos; Report of February 2022; Online Version: Nelsy Yanira Alvarado; Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros: Bogotá D.C., Colombia, 2021. Available online will be at: https://www.fedecacao.com.co/economianacional. (accessed on 11.01. 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Gil JP, López-Zuleta S, Quiroga-Mateus RY, Benavides-Erazo J, Chaali N, Bravo D. 2021. Cadmium distribution in soils, soil litter and cacao beans: a case study from Colombia. Int J Sci Environ Technol. 1:1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramlich A, Tandy S, Andres C, Paniagua JC, Armengot L, Schneider M, Schulin R. 2017. Cadmium uptake by cocoa trees in agroforestry and monoculture systems under conventional and organic management. Sci Total Environ. 580:677–686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramlich A, Tandy S, Gauggel C, López M, Perla D, Gonzalez V, Schulin R. 2018. Soil cadmium uptake by cocoa in Honduras. Sci Total Environ. 612:370–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant CA, Bailey LD, Mclaughlin MJ, Singh BR. 1999. Management factors which influence cadmium concentrations in crops. In: McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR, editors. Cadmium in soils and plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 151–198.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson E, Farrington DS, Henderson K. 1986. The analysis of agricultural materials: a manual of the analytical methods used by the agricultural development and advisory service. 3rd ed. Vol. 19871910457. London: HMSO Publications.
   Google Scholar
• John WA, Böttcher NL, Aßkamp M, Bergounhou A, Kumari N, Ho P-W, D'Souza RN, Nevoigt E, Ullrich MS. 2019. Forcing fermentation: profiling proteins, peptides and polyphenols in lab-scale cocoa bean fermentation. Food Chem. 278:786–794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruszewski B, Obiedziński MW, Kowalska J. 2018. Nickel, cadmium and lead levels in raw cocoa and processed chocolate mass materials from three different manufacturers. J Food Compos Anal. 66:127–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis C, Lennon AM, Eudoxie G, Umaharan P. 2018. Genetic variation in bioaccumulation and partitioning of cadmium in Theobroma cacao L. Sci Total Environ. 640–641:696–703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Xiao T, Perkins RB, Zhu J, Zhu Z, Xiong Y, Ning Z. 2017. Geogenic cadmium pollution and potential health risks, with emphasis on black shale. J Geochem Explor. 176(Supplement C):42–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.04.004.
   Google Scholar
• Maddela NR, Kakarla D, García LC, Chakraborty S, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. 2020. Cocoa-laden cadmium threatens human health and cacao economy: a critical view. Sci Total Environ. 720:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR. 1999. Cadmium in soils and plants. In: McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR, editors. Cadmium in soils and plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Meter A, Atkinson R, Laliberte B. 2019. Cadmium in cacao from Latin America and the Caribbean. A review of research and potential mitigation solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Meunier N, Laroulandie J, Blais JF, Tyagi RD. 2003. Cocoa shells for heavy metal removal from acidic solutions. Bioresour Technol. 90(3):255–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00129-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RET, Ullah I, de Oliveira VH, Hammond SJ, Strekopytov S, Tibbett M, Dunwell JM, Rehkämper M. 2020. Cadmium isotope fractionation reveals genetic variation in Cd uptake and translocation by Theobroma cacao and role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5 and heavy metal ATPase-family transporters. Hortic Res. 7(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0292-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mounicou S, Szpunar J, Andrey D, Blake C, Lobinski R. 2003. Concentrations and bioavailability of cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and related products. Food Addit Contam. 20(4):343–352. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000077888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourato M, Pinto F, Moreira I, Sales J, Leitão I, Martins LL. 2019. Chapter 13 – the effect of Cd stress in mineral nutrient uptake in plants. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Prasad MNV, Fujita M, editors. Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants. London, UK: Academic Press; p. 327–348.
   Google Scholar
• Okiyama DCG, Navarro SLB, Rodrigues CEC. 2017. Cocoa shell and its compounds: applications in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Tech. 63:103–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panak Balentić J, Ačkar Đ, Jokić S, Jozinović A, Babić J, Miličević B, Šubarić D, Pavlović N. 2018. Cocoa shell: a by-product with great potential for wide application. Molecules. 23(6):1404–1418. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Escudero F, Casimiro-Gonzales S, Fernández-Prior Á, Cancino Chávez K, Gómez-Mendoza J, Fuente-Carmelino L, Muñoz AM. 2021. Colour, fatty acids, bioactive compounds, and total antioxidant capacity in commercial cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). LWT. 147:111629–111628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramtahal G, Umaharan P, Hanuman A, Davis C, Ali L. 2019. The effectiveness of soil amendments, biochar and lime, in mitigating cadmium bioaccumulation in Theobroma cacao L. Sci Total Environ. 693:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramtahal G, Ic Y, Bekele I, Bekele F, Wilson L, Maharaj K, Harrynanan L. 2016. Relationships between cadmium in tissues of cacao trees and soils in plantations of Trinidad and Tobago. Food Sci Nutr. 7(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rocco C, Seshadri B, Adamo P, Bolan NS, Mbene K, Naidu R. 2018. Impact of waste-derived organic and inorganic amendments on the mobility and bioavailability of arsenic and cadmium in alkaline and acid soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(26):25896–25905. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2655-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Römkens P, Vries W, Kros H. 2017. Dynamic Cadmium balances in arable soils and grassland soils in the EU: impact of revision of fertiliser regulation on accumulation rates and levels of Cd in soils. Wageningen Environ Res. 1:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Santander M, Rodríguez J, Vaillant F, Escobar S. 2020. An overview of the physical and biochemical transformation of cocoa seeds to beans and to chocolate: flavor formation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 60(10):1593–1613. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1581726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santander M, Vaillant F, Sinuco D, Rodríguez J, Escobar S. 2021. Enhancement of fine flavour cocoa attributes under a controlled postharvest process. Food Res Int. 143:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren R, Argüello D, Blommaert H, Montalvo D, Barraza F, ML, Schreck E, Schulin R, Lewis C, Vazquez JL. 2021. Mitigating the level of cadmium in cacao products: reviewing the transfer of cadmium from soil to chocolate bar. Sci Total Environ. 781:1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren R, De Mesmaeker V, Mounicou S, Isaure M-P, Doelsch E, Montalvo D, Delcour JA, Chavez E, Smolders E. 2020. The impact of fermentation on the distribution of cadmium in cacao beans. Food Res Int. 127:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren R, Montalvo D, De Ketelaere B, Delcour JA, Smolders E. 2019. The elemental composition of chocolates is related to cacao content and origin: a multi-element fingerprinting analysis of single origin chocolates. J Food Compos Anal. 83:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch RM, Norvell WA. 1999. Mechanisms of cadmium uptake, translocation and deposition in plants. In: McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR, editors. Cadmium in soils and plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 125–150.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggenhauser M, Bigalke M, Imseng M, Keller A, Rehkämper M, Wilcke W, Frossard E. 2019. Using isotopes to trace freshly applied cadmium through mineral phosphorus fertilization in soil-fertilizer-plant systems. Sci Total Environ. 648:779–786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahouli B, Guehi ST, Irie G, Fae AM, Ban-Koffi L, Nemlin JG. 2010. Effect of drying methods on the chemical quality traits of cocoa raw material. Adv J Food Sci Technol. 2(4):184–190.
   Google Scholar
• Zug KLM, Huamaní Yupanqui HA, Meyberg F, Cierjacks JS, Cierjacks A. 2019. Cadmium accumulation in peruvian cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) and opportunities for mitigation. Water Air Soil Pollut. 230(3):1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4109-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar