References
- (ASAE) Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica . 2020. Plano Nacional de Colheita de Amostras (PNCA) [Internet]. https://www.asae.gov.pt/cientifico-laboratorial/laboratorio-de-seguranca-alimentar/analises-laboratoriais/resultados/resultados-pnca.aspx.
- Assembleia da República. 2016. Lei n.o 42/2016 de 28 de dezembro. Diário da República. 1(248):4875–5107. https://dre.pt/application/file/a/105630354.
- Assembleia da República. 2018. Lei n.o 71/2018 de 31 de dezembro. Diário da República. 1(251):6039–6260. https://dre.pt/application/file/a/117514660.
- Azaïs-Braesco V, Sluik D, Maillot M, Kok F, Moreno LA. 2017. A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. Nutr J. 16(1):6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0225-2
- Barraj L, Scrafford C, Bi X, Tran N. 2021. Intake of low and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) by the Brazilian population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 38(2):181–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1846083
- Bemrah N, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure in the french population to 13 selected food colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill. 1(1):2–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210802236943
- Bersamin A, Hanni KD, Winkleby MA. 2009. Predictors of trying to lose weight among overweight and obese Mexican-Americans: a signal detection analysis. Public Health Nutr. 12(1):64–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898000800181X
- Bjelland M, Lien N, Grydeland M, Bergh IH, Anderssen SA, Ommundsen Y, Klepp K-I, Andersen LF. 2011. Intakes and perceived home availability of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables as reported by mothers, fathers and adolescents in the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study. Public Health Nutr. 14(12):2156–2165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000917
- Brown RJ, Rother KI. 2012. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their role in the gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 97(8):2597–2605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1475
- Buffini M, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, Nugent AP, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ, McNulty BA. 2018. Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(3):425–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1411619
- Dekkers ALM, Verkaik-Kloosterman J, van Rossum CTM, Ocké MC. 2014. SPADE, a new statistical program to estimate habitual dietary intake from multiple food sources and dietary supplements. J Nutr. 144(12):2083–2091.
- Desbouys L, Méjean C, De Henauw S, Castetbon K. 2020. Socio-economic and cultural disparities in diet among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 23(5):843–860. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019002362
- Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. 2014. Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among U.S. adults is associated with higher healthy eating index (HEI 2005) scores and more physical activity. Nutrients. 6(10):4389–4403. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104389
- Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. 2015. Socio-demographic correlates and trends in low-calorie sweetener use among adults in the United States from 1999 to 2008. Eur J Clin Nutr. 69(9):1035–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.38
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2007. Neotame as a sweetener and flavour enhancer. EFSA J. 5(11):581. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.581
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2010. Scientific opinion on the safety of steviol glycosides for the proposed uses as a food additive. EFSA J. 8(4):1537. doi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1537
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2013a. Scientific opinion on the safety of advantame for the proposed uses as a food additive. EFSA J. 11(7):3301. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3301
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2014. Guidance on the EU menu methodology. EFSA J. 12(12):3944. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3944
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2015. Scientific opinion on the safety of the extension of use of thaumatin (E 957). EFSA J. 13(11):4290. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4290
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2013b. Scientific opinion on the re‐evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive. EFSA J. 11(12):1–263.doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3496
- El Ansari W, Dibba E, Stock C. 2014. Body image concerns: levels, correlates and gender differences among students in the United Kingdom. Cent Eur J Public Health. 22(2):106–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3944
- European Commission. 1989. Reports of the scientific committee for food [Internet]. http://aei.pitt.edu/40830/1/21st_food.pdf.
- European Commission. 1997. Opinion on saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts. Scientific Commitee on Food. CS/ADD/EDUL/148. https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scf_7_out26_en.pdf
- European Commission. 2000a. Opinion re-evaluation of acesulfame K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991. Scientific Commitee on Food. SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/194 Finalhttps://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scf_out52_en.pdf
- European Commission. 2000b. Revised opinion on cyclamic acid and its sodium and calcium salts [Internet], March 2–8. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/dg24/health/sc/scf/index_en.html.
- European Commission. 2001. Report from the commission on dietary food additive intake in the European Union [Internet]. Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0542:FIN:EN:PDF.
- European Commission. 2003. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on sucralose. Scientific Comitee on Food. SCF/CS/ADDS/EDUL/190 Final. https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scf_out68_en.pdf
- European Commission. 2008. Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives. Off J Eur Union. 51(L 354):16–33.
- European Commission. 2011a. Regulation (EU) No 1129/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing a Union list of food additives. Off J Eur Union. 54(L295):1–177. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1129/oj
- European Commission. 2011b. Regulation (EU) No 1131/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to steviol glycosides. Off J Eur Union. 54(L295):205–211. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1131/oj
- Farhat G, Dewison F, Stevenson L. 2021. Knowledge and perceptions of non-nutritive sweeteners within the UK adult population. Nutrients. 13(2):444–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020444
- Gibson SA, Horgan GW, Francis LE, Gibson AA, Stephen AM. 2016. Low calorie beverage consumption is associated with energy and nutrient intakes and diet quality in British adults. Nutrients. 8(1):9–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010009
- Goiana-da-Silva F, Cruz-e-Silva D, Gregório MJ, Miraldo M, Darzi A, Araújo F. 2018. The future of the sweetened beverages tax in Portugal. Lancet Public Heal. 3(12):e562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30240-8
- Goios AC, Severo M, Lloyd AJ, Magalhães VP, Lopes C, Torres DP. 2020. Validation of a new software eAT24 used to assess dietary intake in the adult Portuguese population. Public Health Nutr. 23(17):3093–3103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020001044
- Grech A, Kam CO, Gemming L, Rangan A. 2018. Diet-quality and socio-demographic factors associated with non-nutritive sweetener use in the Australian population. Nutrients. 10(7):833. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070833
- Hagmann D, Siegrist M, Hartmann C. 2018. Taxes, labels, or nudges? Public acceptance of various interventions designed to reduce sugar intake. Food Policy. 79:156–165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.06.008
- Huvaere K, Vandevijvere S, Hasni M, Vinkx C, Van Loco J. 2012. Dietary intake of artificial sweeteners by the Belgian population. Food Addit Contam - Part A. 29(1):54–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.627572
- Le Donne C, Mistura L, Goscinny S, Janvier S, Cuypers K, D'Addezio L, Sette S, Catasta G, Ferrari M, Piccinelli R, et al. 2017. Assessment of dietary intake of 10 intense sweeteners by the Italian population. Food Chem Toxicol. 102:186–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.014
- Lohner S, Toews I, Meerpohl JJ. 2017. Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape. Nutr J. 16(1):55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x
- Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Alarcão V, Guiomar S, Mota J, Teixeira P, Rodrigues S, Lobato L, et al. 2018. National food, nutrition, and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population 2015–2016: summary of results [Internet]. Portugal: University of Porto. http://www.ian-af.up.pt/.
- Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Guiomar S, Alarcão V, Ramos E, Rodrigues S, Vilela S, Oliveira L, The IAN-AF Consortium, et al. 2018. National food, nutrition, and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population (2015–2016): protocol for design and development. JMIR Res Protoc. 7(2):e42. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.8990
- Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Guiomar S, Alarcão V, Vilela S, Ramos E, Rodrigues S, Oliveira L, et al. 2017. National food, nutrition and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population. EFSA Support Publ. 14(12):1341E. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1341
- Lumley T. 2020. Survey: analysis of complex survey samples. [R package]. Version 4.0. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survey/index.html
- Marinho AR, Severo M, Correia D, Lobato L, Vilela S, Oliveira A, Ramos E, Torres D, Lopes C. 2020. Total, added and free sugar intakes, dietary sources and determinants of consumption in Portugal: The National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF 2015–2016). Public Health Nutr. 23(5):869–881. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019002519
- Marshall A, Altman DG, Holder RL, Royston P. 2009. Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 9(1):57–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-9-57
- Molarius A, Lindén‐Boström M, Karlsson J. 2020. Desire to lose weight and need of weight loss support in the adult population-results from a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Obes Sci Pract. 6(4):373–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.412
- Moynihan PJ, Kelly SAM. 2014. Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake. J Dent Res. 93(1):8–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513508954
- Newens KJ, Walton J. 2016. A review of sugar consumption from nationally representative dietary surveys across the world. J Hum Nutr Diet. 29(2):225–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12338
- (EFSA) European Food Safety Authority. 2011. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to intense sweeteners and contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 1136, 1444, 4299), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 4298), maintenance. EFSA J. 9(6):2229. doi:https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2229
- Pepino MY. 2015. Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Physiol Behav. 152(Pt B):450–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024
- Portuguese Government. 2018. Relatório do grupo de trabalho (order número 2774/2018). Impacto do imposto especial sobre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e adicionadas de edulcorantes. [Internet]. Portugal. https://www.sns.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Relatorio-final-IABA.pdf.
- Provencher V, Drapeau V, Tremblay A, Després J-P, Lemieux S. 2003. Eating behaviors and indexes of body composition in men and women from the Québec family study. Obes Res. 11(6):783–792. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.109.
- R Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. https://www.r-project.org/
- Regional Office for Europe W. 2018. WHO impact assessment of the Portuguese SSB tax on mortality. Letter to the Portuguese Government. [Internet]. [accessed: 2021 Dec 20]. https://www.sns.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ComOMS.pdf
- Silva Monteiro L, Kulik Hassan B, Melo Rodrigues P, Massae Yokoo E, Sichieri R, Alves Pereira R. 2018. Use of table sugar and artificial sweeteners in Brazil: National dietary survey 2008–2009. Nutrients [Internet]. 10(3):295. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030295
- Silva PD, Cruz R, Casal S. 2021. Sugars and artificial sweeteners in soft drinks: a decade of evolution in Portugal. Food Control. 120:107481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107481
- Statistics Portugal (INE). 2014. Administrative division [Internet]. [accessed 2021 Dec 20]. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_cont_inst&INST=6251013&xlang=en.
- Swift JA, Strathearn L, Morris A, Chi Y, Townsend T, Pearce J. 2018. Public health strategies to reduce sugar intake in the UK: an exploration of public perceptions using digital spaces. Nutr Bull. 43(3):238–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12346
- Sylvetsky AC, Jin Y, Clark EJ, Welsh JA, Rother KI, Talegawkar SA. 2017. Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among children and adults in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet. 117(3):441–448.e2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.004
- Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. 2012. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 346(jan15 3):e7492–e7492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492
- The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. 2011. International standards for anthropometric assessment. New Zealand: Lower Hutt.
- Vilela S, Muresan I, Correia D, Severo M, Lopes C. 2020. The role of socio-economic factors in food consumption of Portuguese children and adolescents: Results from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015–2016. Br J Nutr. 124(6):591–601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520001373
- Vin K, Connolly A, McCaffrey T, McKevitt A, O'Mahony C, Prieto M, Tennant D, Hearty A, Volatier JL. 2013. Estimation of the dietary intake of 13 priority additives in France, Italy, the UK and Ireland as part of the FACET project. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 30(12):2050–2080. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.851417
- Wardle J, Griffith J. 2001. Socioeconomic status and weight control practices in British adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 55(3):185–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.3.185
- (WHO) World Health Organization. 2003. Food-based dietary guidelines in the WHO European region. Copenhagen:WHO Regional Office for Europe.
- (WHO) World Health Organization. 2006a. WHO child growth standards: length/height for age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age, methods and development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- (WHO) World Health Organization. 2006b. Food and nutrition policy for schools (No. EUR/06/5073063). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
- World Health Organization. 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization. 2015. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.