References
- Abdullahi SM, Yakubu AM, Bugaje MA, Akuyam SM. 2018. Serum total protein and albumin levels among malnourished children aged 6–59 months in Zaria. Nig J Paed. 45(1):15. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v45i1.4
- Abuya BA, Ciera J, Kimani-Murage E. 2012. Effect of mother’s education on child’s nutritional status in the slums of Nairobi. BMC Pediatr. 12(1):1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-80
- Achaglinkame MA, Opoku N, Amagloh FK. 2017. Aflatoxin contamination in cereals and legumes to reconsider usage as complementary food ingredients for Ghanaian infants: a review. J Nutr Intermed Metab. 10:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2017.09.001
- Adam MAA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. 2017. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (review). Oncol Rep. 37(3):1321–1336. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5424
- Ahmed T, Arimond M, Bandyopadhyay R, Barbuto R. 2012. Aflatoxin: Impact on Stunting in Children and Interventions to Reduce Exposure. A Meeting Co-organized by International Food Policy Research Institute and the Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Agriculture and Nutrition teams at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington, DC, February 1-2, 2012. 1–55. https://kipdf.com/aflatoxin-impact-on-stunting-in-children-and-interventions-to-reduce-exposure_5aed00a27f8b9a23278b45fc.html
- Akbar N, Nasir M, Naeem N, Ahmad M, Saeed F, Anjum FM, Iqbal S, Imran M, Tufail T, Shah F, et al. 2020. Assessment of aflatoxin in milk and feed samples and impact of seasonal variations in the Punjab, Pakistan. Food Sci Nutr. 8(6):2699–2709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1557
- Ali A. 2021. Current status of malnutrition and stunting in Pakistani children: what needs to be done? J Am Coll Nutr. 40(2):180–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2020.1750504
- Amaha ND, Woldeamanuel BT. 2021. Maternal factors associated with moderate and severe stunting in Ethiopian children: analysis of some environmental factors based on 2016 demographic health survey. Nutr J. 20(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00677-6
- Ashiq S. 2015. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed: Pakistan perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 14(2):159–175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12122
- Castelino JM, Routledge MN, Wilson S, Dunne DW, Mwatha JK, Gachuhi K, Wild CP, Gong YY. 2015. Aflatoxin exposure is inversely associated with IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels in vitro and in Kenyan schoolchildren. Mol Nutr Food Res. 59(3):574–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300619.
- Chen C, Mitchell NJ, Gratz J, Houpt ER, Gong Y, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Riley RT, Showker JL, Svensen E, et al. 2018. Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impairment in rural Tanzania. Environ Int. 115(March):29–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.001
- Debnath SC, Haque ME, Hasan DMM, Samin S, Rouf MA, Rabby MF. 2018. Undernutrition and morbidity profile of exclusively breastfeeding children: a cross-sectional study. Int J Prev Med. 9(1):55–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_201_17
- Food Insight. 2020. Aflatoxins in the U.S. Food Supply. Your Nutrition and Food Safety Resource. https://foodinsight.org/all-about-aflatoxins/
- Gong Y, Hounsa A, Egal S, Turner PC, Sutcliffe AE, Hall AJ, Cardwell K, Wild CP. 2004. Postweaning exposure to aflatoxin results in impaired child growth: a longitudinal study in Benin, West Africa. Environ Health Perspect. 112(13):1334–1338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6954
- Gong YY, Cardwell K, Hounsa A, Ega S, Turner PC, Hall AJ, Wild CP. 2002. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal. 325(7354):20–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30777
- Gong YY, Egal S, Hounsa A, Turner PC, Hall AJ, Cardwell KF, Wild CP. 2003. Determinants of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning. Int J Epidemiol. 32(4):556–562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg109
- Hlavac M. 2022. stargazer: Well-Formatted Regression and Summary Statistics Tables. Bratislava, Slovakia: Social Policy Institute. R package version 5.2.3, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stargazer
- Hoffmann V, Jones K, Leroy JL. 2018. The impact of reducing dietary aflatoxin exposure on child linear growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Kenya. BMJ Glob Health. 3(6):e000983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000983
- IARC Monographs. 2021. Agents classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs, Volumes 1–130. https://www.certifico.com/component/attachments/download/2 5977.
- Khlangwiset P, Shephard GS, Wu F. 2011. Aflatoxins and growth impairment: a review. Crit Rev Toxicol. 41(9):740–755. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2011.575766
- Leroy JL, Sununtnasuk C, García-Guerra A, Wang JS. 2018. Low level aflatoxin exposure associated with greater linear growth in southern Mexico: a longitudinal study. Matern Child Nutr. 14(4):1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12619
- Leroy JL, Wang JS, Jones K. 2015. Serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct level in adult women from Eastern Province in Kenya depends on household socio-economic status: a cross sectional study. Soc Sci Med. 146:104–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.039
- Mahfuz M, Hasan SMT, Alam MA, Das S, Fahim SM, Islam MM, Gazi MA, Hossain M, Egner PA, Groopman JD, et al. 2021. Aflatoxin exposure was not associated with childhood stunting: results from a birth cohort study in a resource-poor setting of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr. 24(11):3361–3370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020001421
- McMillan A, Renaud JB, Burgess KMN, Orimadegun AE, Akinyinka OO, Allen SJ, Miller JD, Reid G, Sumarah MW. 2018. Aflatoxin exposure in Nigerian children with severe acute malnutrition. Food Chem Toxicol. 111(11):356–362. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.030
- Mitchell NJ, Hsu HH, Chandyo RK, Shrestha B, Bodhidatta L, Tu YK, Gong YY, Egner PA, Ulak M, Groopman JD, et al. 2017. Aflatoxin exposure during the first 36 months of life was not associated with impaired growth in Nepalese children: an extension of the MAL-ED study. PLOS One. 12(2):e0172124–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172124
- Mohd Redzwan S, Rosita J, Mohd Sokhini AM, Nurul ‘Aqilah AR, Wang J-S, Kang M-S, Zuraini A. 2014. Detection of serum AFB1-lysine adduct in Malaysia and its association with liver and kidney functions. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217(4–5):443–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.007
- Ntenda PAM. 2019. Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi. Nutr J. 18(1):1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0477-8
- Okoth S A, Ohingo M 2004. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Kisumu District, Kenya: cross sectional study. Afr J Health Sci. 11(1–2):43–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30777
- Passarelli S, Bromage S, Darling AM, Wang JS, Aboud S, Mugusi F, Griffiths JK, Fawzi W. 2020. Aflatoxin exposure in utero and birth and growth outcomes in Tanzania. Matern Child Nutr. 16(2):1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12917
- Qian G, Tang L, Wang F, Guo X, Massey ME, Williams JH, Phillips TD, Wang JS. 2013. Physiologically based toxicokinetics of serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in F344 rats. Toxicology. 303:147–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.020
- Rahman MS, Howlader T, Masud MS, Rahman ML. 2016. Association of low-birth weight with malnutrition in children under five years in Bangladesh: do mother's education, socio-economic status, and birth interval matter? PLOS One. 11(6):e0157814. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0157814
- Rao V, Yadav R, Dolla D, Kumar S, Bhondeley M, Ukey M. 2005. Undernutrition & childhood morbidities among tribal preschool children. Indian J Med Res. 122(1):43–47.
- Rasheed H, Xu Y, Kimanya ME, Pan X, Li Z, Zou X, Shirima CP, Holmes M, Routledge MN, Gong YY. 2021. Estimating the health burden of aflatoxin attributable stunting among children in low income countries of. Sci Rep. 11(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80356-4
- Razis AFA, Shehzad MM, Usman S, Ali NB, Iqbal SZ, Naheed N, Asi MR. 2020. Seasonal variation in aflatoxin levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin e levels in southern areas of Punjab, Pakistan. IJERPH. 17(23):8964–8914. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238964
- R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
- RStudioTeam. 2021. RStudio: integrated development for R. Boston, MA, USA: RStudioPBC; p. 2021.
- Sabbioni G, Skipper PL, Büchi G, Tannenbaum SR. 1987. Isolation and characterization of the major serum albumin adduct formed by aflatoxin B1 in vivo in rats. Carcinogenesis. 8(6):819–824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/CARCIN/8.6.819
- Shirima CP, Kimanya ME, Routledge MN, Srey C, Kinabo JL, Humpf HU, Wild CP, Tu YK, Gong YY. 2015. A prospective study of growth and biomarkers of exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin during early childhood in Tanzania. Environ Health Perspect. 123(2):173–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408097
- Shuaib FMBB, Jolly PE, Ehiri JE, Yatich N, Jiang Y, Funkhouser E, Sharina D, Wilson C, Ellis WO, Wang JS, et al. 2010. Association between birth outcomes and aflatoxin B1 biomarker blood levels in pregnant women in Kumasi, Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 15(2):160–167. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02435.x.
- Shuaib FM, Jolly PE, Ehiri JE, Ellis WO, Yatich NJ, Funkhouser E, Person SD, Williams JH, Qian G, Wang JS. 2012. Socio-demographic determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct levels among pregnant women in Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 46(4):179–188.
- Turner PC, Collinson AC, Cheung YB, Gong Y, Hall AJ, Prentice AM, Wild CP. 2007. Aflatoxin exposure in utero causes growth faltering in Gambian infants. Int J Epidemiol. 36(5):1119–1125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym122
- UNICEF. 2017. Levels and trends in child malnutrition–UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. 1–15. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/child-growth/jme-brochoure2017
- UNICEF Pakistan. 2019. National Nutrition Survey 2018–Key findings report. Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan. https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/media/1951/file/Final Key Findings Report 2019.pdf
- USAID. 2021. Role of nutrition in preventing child and maternal deaths: technical guidance brief. Washington, D.C: US Agency for International Development from the American People. https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/nutrition/role-nutrition-ending-preventable-child-maternal-deaths
- Wang JS, Qian GS, Zarba A, He X, Zhu YR, Zhang BC, Jacobson L, Gange SJ, Muñoz A, Kensler TW. 1996. Temporal patterns of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and antigen-negative residents of Daxin, Qidong County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark. 5(4):253–261. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722216/
- Wang JS, Abubaker S, He X, Sun G, Strickland PT, Groopman JD. 2001. Development of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct monoclonal antibody for human exposure studies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67(6):2712–2717. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.6.2712-2717.2001
- Wang X, Lien KW, Ling MP. 2018. Probabilistic health risk assessment for dietary exposure to aflatoxin in peanut and peanut products in Taiwan. Food Control. 91:372–380. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.021
- Wangia RN, Githanga DP, Wang JS, Anzala OA. 2019. Aflatoxin exposure in children age 6–12 years: a study protocol of a randomized comparative cross-sectional study in Kenya, East Africa. Pilot Feasibil Stud. 5(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/S40814-019-0510-X/TABLES/1
- Watson S, Moore SE, Darboe MK, Chen G, Tu YK, Huang YT, Eriksen KG, Bernstein RM, Prentice AM, Wild CP, et al. 2018. Impaired growth in rural Gambian infants exposed to aflatoxin: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 18(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6164-4
- WHO. 2021. WHO Anthro Survey Analyser and other tools. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/toolkits/child-growth-standards/software
- Zhang W, Liu Y, Liang B, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Luo X, Huang J, Wang Y, Cheng W, Chen K. 2020. Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Guangzhou, China. Sci Rep. 10(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64295-8