653
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Confirmation of the full conversion of ethylene oxide to 2-chloroethanol in fumigated foodstuffs: possible implications for risk assessment

ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 81-95 | Received 15 Sep 2022, Accepted 30 Oct 2022, Published online: 17 Nov 2022

References

  • Allemang A, Lester C, Roth T, Pfuhler S, Peuschel H, Kosemund K, Mahony C, Bergeland T, O’Keeffe L. 2022. Assessing the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of 2-chloroethanol through structure activity relationships and in vitro testing approaches. Food Chem Toxicol. 168:113290. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2022.113290
  • Anastassiades M. 2021. The Ethylene Oxide crisis – causes and responses. 11th International Akademie Fresenius Conference Pesticides Residues in Food.
  • ASU. 1999. Amtliche Sammlung von Untersuchungsverfahren. Amtliche Sammlung von Untersuchungsverfahrennach § 64 LFGB. BVL L 53.00-1:1999-11. Untersuchung von Lebensmitteln - Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Ethylenoxid und 2-Chlorethanol in Gewürzen. Available from https://www.beuth.de/de/technische-regel/bvl-l-53-00-1/30303404
  • Baughman TW, Sworen JC, Wagener KB. 2004. The facile preparation of alkenyl metathesis synthons. Tetrahedron. 60(48):10943–10948. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.021
  • Bessaire T, Stroheker T, Eriksen B, Mujahid C, Hammel Y-A, Varela J, Delatour T, Panchaud A, Mottier P, Stadler RH. 2021. Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 38(12):2116–2127. doi:10.1080/19440049.2021.1970242
  • BfR. 2020. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung Opinion No 056/2020, 23 December 2020. Health risk assessment of ethylene oxide residues in sesame seeds.
  • BfR. 2021. Health risk assessment of ethylene oxide residues in sesame seeds. Updated BfR Opinion No 024/2021 issued 01 September, 2021.
  • Blokker E, Sun X, Poater J, van der Schuur JM, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. 2021. The chemical bond: when atom size instead of electronegativity difference determines trend in bond strength. Chemistry. 27(63):15616–15622. doi:10.1002/chem.202103544
  • Bonitenko I, Bocharov NV, Lishenko VV. 1981. Effect of ethyl alcohol on ethylene chlorohydrin toxicity indices. Gig Tri Prof Zabol. 9:44–45.
  • Bononi M, Quaglia G, Tateo F. 2014. Identification of ethylene oxide in herbs, spices and other dried vegetables imported into Italy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 31(2):271–275. doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.872808
  • Du X, Zhang W, Liu B, Liu T, Xiao Y, Taniguchi M, Ren Y. 2019. Optimization and validation of HS-SPME-GCMS method for determination of multifumigant residues in grain, oilseeds, nuts, and dry fruit. J AOAC Int. 102(6):1877–1883. doi:10.5740/jaoacint.18-0093
  • Dunkelberg H. 1983. Carcinogenic activity of ethylene oxide and its reaction products 2-chlorethanol, 2-bromoethanol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. II. Testing of 2-chlorethanol and 2-bromoethanol for carcinogenic activity. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B. 177(3–4):269–281.
  • EFSA. 2017. Re-evaluation of xanthan gum (E 415) as a food additive. EFSA J. 15:e04909.
  • EFSA. 2022. Statement on the BfR opinion regarding the toxicity of 2-chloroethanol. EFSA J. 20:e07147.
  • EURL-SRM. 2020. Analytical observations report “Analysis of ethylene oxide and its metabolite 2-chloroethanol by the QuOil or the QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS. Version 1.1. Available from https://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/srm/EurlSrm_Observation_EO_V1.pdf.
  • European Commission. 2021. SANTE 11312/2021 - guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. p. 1–57. Available from: https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-02/pesticides_mrl_guidelines_wrkdoc_2021-11312.pdf
  • European Commission RASFF. 2022. Summary of the Technical Meeting on Ethylene Oxide (ETO). Webex, Thursday 20.01.2022. Available from: https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-02/rasff_ethylene-oxide-incident_e410_crisis-coord_20220120_sum.pdf
  • European Union. 2005. Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC Text with EEA relevance. In: EC 396/2005. p. 1–16.
  • European Union. 2015. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/868 of 26 May 2015 amending Annexes II, III and V to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for 2,4,5-T, barban, binapacryl, bromophos-ethyl, camphechlor (toxaphene), chlorbufam, chloroxuron, chlozolinate, DNOC, di-allate, dinoseb, dinoterb, dioxathion, ethylene oxide, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, formothion, mecarbam, methacrifos, monolinuron, phenothrin, propham, pyrazophos, quinalphos, resmethrin, tecnazene and vinclozolin in or on certain products In: EU 2015/868. p. 1–71.
  • Faustino dos Santos P, da Silva SRB, da Silva FPNR, Costa JS, Inada JS, Pereira VLP. 2019. Green synthesis of glycerol 1,3-bromo- and iodohydrins under solvent-free conditions. Green Chem Lett Rev. 12(4):389–394. doi:10.1080/17518253.2019.1679265
  • Finkelstein H. 1910. Darstellung organischer Jodide aus den entsprechenden Bromiden und Chloriden. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges. 43(2):1528–1532. doi:10.1002/cber.19100430257
  • Homburger F. 1968. Final report contract PH-43-67-677, project C-173. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Service.
  • National Toxicology Program. 1985. NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene Chlorohydrin) (CAS No. 107-07-3) in F344/N Rats and Swiss CD-1 Mice (Dermal Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 275:1–194.
  • Nawaz S. 2022. Analysis of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in complex food matrices. European Pesticides Residues Workshop. Bologna (Italy).
  • Oser BL, Morgareidge K, Cox GE, Carson S. 1975. Short-term toxicity of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) in rats, dogs and monkeys. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 13(3):313–315. doi:10.1016/S0015-6264(75)80291-4
  • Parker RE, Isaacs NS. 1959. Mechanisms of epoxide reactions. Chem Rev. 59(4):737–799. doi:10.1021/cr50028a006
  • US EPA. 2012. Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for 2-Chloroethanol (CASRN 107-07-3). Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268. Available from https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/pprtv/documents/Chloroethanol2.pdf.
  • Scientific Committee on Food. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Impurities of 1,4-dioxane, 2-chloroethanol and mono- and diethylene glycol in currently permitted food additives and in proposed use of ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose in gluten-free bread. Available from https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_scf_out156_en.pdf
  • Stupák M, Filatova M, Kocourek V, Hajšlová J. 2021. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of ethylene oxide: an emerged contaminant in seeds and spices. LCGC Supplements. Adv Food Beverage Anal. 34:5–10.
  • WHO. 2020. Chapter 5: dose-response assessment and derivation of health-based guidance values. In: Environmental Health Criteria 240 - principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. Geneva: WHO Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.