Authentication of recycled and virgin polyethylene terephthalate based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS using non-volatile organic compounds and chemometrics

References

• Alvarado Chacon F, Brouwer MT, Thoden van Velzen EU. 2020. Effect of recycled content and r-PET quality on the properties of PET bottles, part I: optical and mechanical properties. Packag Technol Sci. 33(9):347–357. doi: 10.1002/pts.2490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awaja F, Pavel D. 2005. Recycling of PET. Eur Polym J. 41(7):1453–1477. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthélémy E, Spyropoulos D, Milana M-R, Pfaff K, Gontard N, Lampi E, Castle L. 2014. Safety evaluation of mechanical recycling processes used to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) intended for food contact applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 31(3):490–497. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.871755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer MT, Alvarado Chacon F, Thoden van Velzen EU. 2020. Effect of recycled content and r-PET quality on the properties of PET bottles, part III: modelling of repetitive recycling. Packag Technol Sci. 33(9):373–383. doi: 10.1002/pts.2489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z-F, Lin Q-B, Dong B, Zhong H-N, Wang Z-W. 2022. Comparison of the ability of UV-Vis and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics to discriminate recycled and virgin polyethylene. J Hazard Mater. 423(Pt B):127165. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong B, Wu X, Hao T, Li D, Zeng Y, Wu S, Kou X, Li Z, Chen S, Lin Q. 2021. Untargeted screening of nonvolatile organic compounds in recycled PET flakes for food contact applications by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Instrum Anal. 40(11):1545–1552. doi: 10.19969/j.fxcsxb.21080403.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Flavourings and Processing Aids. 2014. Scientific opinion on the safety assessment of the process SOREPET, based on Buhler B technology, used to recycle post‐consumer PET into food contact materials. EFSA J. 12(4):3631. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3631.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials. 2011. Flavourings and processing aids, scientific opinion on the criteria to be used for safety evaluation of a mechanical recycling process to produce recycled PET intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. EFSA J. 9(7):2184. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2184.
   Google Scholar
• Hao T, Lin Q, Zhong H, Dong B, Kou X, Chen Z, Ye Z, Wang Z. 2022. Study on the Ability of HS-SPME/GC × GC-Q-TOF MS Combined with Chemometrics to Discriminate Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate. J Instrum Anal. 41(10):1–12. doi: 10.19969/j.fxcsxb.22030701.
   Google Scholar
• Hao T-Y, Xu X, Lin Q-B, Wu S-L, Wu X-F, Hu J-L, Zhong H-N, Dong B, Chen Z-F, Ye Z-K, et al. 2022. Rapid discrimination of recycled and virgin poly(ethylene terephthalate) based on non-targeted screening of semi-volatile organic compounds using a novel method of DSI/GC × GC-Q-TOF-MS coupled with various chemometrics. Food Packag Shelf Life. 34:100978. doi: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong L, Liang W, Sheng C, Dan L, Huaining Z, Zhaofang R, Zicheng L. 2020. Research progress on high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of high concern compounds in food contact plastic materials and products. J Food Saf Qual. 11(13):4139–4149. doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.2020.13.001.
   Google Scholar
• Kassouf A, Maalouly J, Rutledge DN, Chebib H, Ducruet V. 2014. Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA). Waste Manag. 34(11):2131–2138. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D-J, Lee KT. 2012. Analysis of specific migration of monomers and oligomers from polyethylene terephthalate bottles and trays according to the testing methods as prescribed in the legislation of the EU and Asian countries. Polym Test. 31(8):1001–1007. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, et al. 2021. Safety assessment of the process PET STAR RECYCLING, based on Starlinger iV + technology, used to recycle post‐consumer PET into food contact materials. EFSA J. 19(8):e06791. doi: 10.2903/J.EFSA.2021.6791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mais E, Alolga RN, Wang S-L, Linus LO, Yin X, Qi L-W. 2018. A comparative UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach for distinguishing Zingiber officinale Roscoe of two geographical origins. Food Chem. 240:239–244. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm E, Hasselbalch J, Holmberg K, Nielsen TD. 2022. Narrating plastics governance: policy narratives in the European plastics strategy. Environ Polit. 31(3):365–385. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2021.1915020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñalver R, Marín C, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. 2022. Authentication of recycled plastic content in water bottles using volatile fingerprint and chemometrics. Chemosphere. 297:134156. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñalver R, Zapata F, Arroyo‐Manzanares N, López‐García I, Viñas P. 2023. Raman spectroscopic strategy for the discrimination of recycled polyethylene terephthalate in water bottles. J Raman Spectroscopy. 54(1):107–112. doi: 10.1002/jrs.6457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie H, Roser M. 2018. Plastic pollution. OurWorldInData.org [accessed 2022 Dec 29]. https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution.
   Google Scholar
• Thoden van Velzen EU, Brouwer MT, Stärker C, Welle F. 2020. Effect of recycled content and r-PET quality on the properties of PET bottles, part II: migration. Packag Technol Sci. 33(9):359–371. doi: 10.1002/pts.2528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US FDA. 2021. Use of recycled plastics in food packaging (chemistry considerations): guidance for industry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; [accessed 2023 Mar 21]. https://www.fda.gov/media/150792/download.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Gao X, Liu B, Lin Q, Xia Y. 2020. Identification of chemicals in a polyvinyl chloride/polyethylene multilayer film by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their migration into solution. J Chromatogr A. 1625:461274. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welle F. 2011. Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling—an overview. Resour Conserv Recycl. 55(11):865–875. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.04.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrona M, Nerín C. 2020. Analytical approaches for analysis of safety of modern food packaging: a review. Molecules. 25(3):752. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar