Monitoring cadmium concentrations in cacao: inter-laboratory variation and the effect of sample size on variability among ready-for-sale beans

References

• Abbott, P., Benjamin, T., Burniske, G., Croft, M., Fenton, M., Kelly, C., Lundy, M., Rodriguez Camayo, F., & Wilcox, M. (2018). An analysis of the supply chain of cacao in Colombia. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19395.04645.
   Google Scholar
• Argüello D, Chavez E, Lauryssen F, Vanderschueren R, Smolders E, Montalvo D. 2019. Soil properties and agronomic factors affecting cadmium concentrations in cacao beans: a nationwide survey in Ecuador. Sci Total Environ. 649:120–127. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argüello D, Dekeyrel J, Chavez E, Smolders E. 2022. Gypsum application lowers cadmium uptake in cacao in soils with high cation exchange capacity only: a soil chemical analysis. European J Soil Science. 73(2):1–11. doi: 10.1111/ejss.13230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argüello D, Montalvo D, Blommaert H, Chavez E, Smolders E. 2020. Surface soil liming reduces cadmium uptake in cacao seedlings but subsurface uptake is enhanced. J Environ Qual. 49(5):1359–1369. doi: 10.1002/jeq2.20123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoldi D, Barbero A, Camin F, Caligiani A, Larcher R. 2016. Multielemental fingerprinting and geographic traceability of Theobroma cacao beans and cocoa products. Food Control. 65:46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookman B, Mann I. 2021. Eurachem guide: selection, use and interpretation of proficiency testing (PT) schemes. 3rd ed. p. 1–33. www.eurachem.org.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez E, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Mylavarapu RS, Li YC, Moyano B, Baligar VC. 2015. Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador. Sci Total Environ. 533:205–214. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordeiro F, Snell J, Dehouck P, Charoud-Got J, van Britsom G, Garcia-Ruiz S, Cizek-Stroh A, Robouch P. 2017. Proficiency test report - Determination of the mass fraction of total As, Cd, Pb, Hg and inorganic As in complete feed for fish.
   Google Scholar
• Engbersen N, Gramlich A, Lopez M, Schwarz G, Hattendorf B, Gutierrez O, Schulin R. 2019. Cadmium accumulation and allocation in different cacao cultivars. Sci Total Environ. 678:660–670. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2014. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 488/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in foodstuffs. OJEU. 138:75–79.
   Google Scholar
• Federation of Cocoa Commerce 2017. FCC sampling rules. https://cocoafederation.com/services/rules.
   Google Scholar
• Gramlich A, Tandy S, Gauggel C, López M, Perla D, Gonzalez V, Schulin R. 2018. Soil cadmium uptake by cocoa in Honduras. Sci Total Environ. 612:370–378. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISCQF. 2020. First Draft of the Protocol for Sampling of Bagged and Bulk Cocoa Beans: part of the International Standards for the Assessment of Cocoa Quality and Flavour (ISCQF). Compiled by the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, in Collaboration with the Members of the ISCQF Working Group. p. 1–21. https://www.cocoaqualitystandards.org/protocols-for-review/download.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 13528 2015. Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparison. www.iso.org.
   Google Scholar
• ISO/IEC 17043 2010. Conformity assessment - General requirements for proficiency testing.
   Google Scholar
• Lavado M-T. 2020. Prueba de Proficiencia Ensayo de aptitud en Cadmio, Plomo y Arsenico Informe Final.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis C, Lennon AM, Eudoxie G, Umaharan P. 2018. Genetic variation in bioaccumulation and partitioning of cadmium in Theobroma cacao L. Sci Total Environ. 640-641:696–703. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meter A, Atkinson RJ, Laliberte B. 2019. Cadmium in Cacao from Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of research Mitigations Solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Pereboom DPKH, Elbers IJW, de Jong J, van der Lee MK, de Nijs WCM. 2016. Proficiency test for heavy metals in compound feed. www.wur.eu/rikilt.
   Google Scholar
• Ramtahal G, Chang Yen I, Hamid A, Bekele I, Bekele F, Maharaj K, Harrynanan L. 2018. The effect of liming on the availability of cadmium in soils and its uptake in cacao (Theobroma c acao L.) In Trinidad & Tobago. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 49(19):2456–2464. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2018.1510955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramtahal G, Umaharan P, Hanuman A, Davis C. 2017. Mitigation of cadmium bioaccumulation in cacao through soil remediation. Paper Presented at International Symposium on Cocoa Research, 13-17 November 2017, Lima, Peru, November, p. 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ramtahal G, Umaharan P, Hanuman A, Davis C, Ali L. 2019. The effectiveness of soil amendments, biochar and lime, in mitigating cadmium bioaccumulation in Theobroma cacao L. Sci Total Environ. 693:133563. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas E, Atkinson R, Zavaleta D, Rodriguez C, Lastra S, Yovera F, Arango K, Pezo A, Aguilar J, Tames M, et al. 2023. The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru. Sci Total Environ. 881:163372. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren R, De Mesmaeker V, Mounicou S, Isaure MP, Doelsch E, Montalvo D, Delcour JA, Chavez E, Smolders E. 2020. The impact of fermentation on the distribution of cadmium in cacao beans. Food Res Int. 127:108743. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren R, Doevenspeck J, Helsen F, Mounicou S, Santner J, Delcour JA, Chavez E, Smolders E. 2022. Cadmium migration from nib to testa during cacao fermentation is driven by nib acidification. LWT. 157:113077. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villacis A, Barrera V, Alwang J, Caicedo C, Quiroz J. 2022. Strategies to Strengthen Ecuador’s High-Value Cacao Value Chain. http://www.iadb.org.
   Google Scholar