Development and validation of an analytical method based on QuEChERS followed by UHPLC–ToF-MS for the determination of tropane alkaloids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) and buckwheat products

References

• Adamse P, van Egmond HP, Noordam MY, Mulder PPJ, de Nijs M. 2014. Tropane alkaloids in food: poisoning incidents. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods. 6(1):15–24. doi: 10.3920/QAS2013.0314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caeiro C, Pragosa C, Cruz MC, Pereira CD, Pereira SG. 2022. The role of pseudocereals in celiac disease: reducing nutritional deficiencies to improve well-being and health. J Nutr Metab. 2022:8502169. doi: 10.1155/2022/8502169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TYK. 2017. Worldwide occurrence and investigations of contamination of herbal medicines by tropane alkaloids. Toxins (Basel). 9(9):284. doi: 10.3390/toxins9090284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. 2017. Simultaneous determination of atropine and scopolamine in buckwheat and related products using modified QuEChERS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 218:173–180. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirlini M, Cappucci V, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C, Bruni R. 2019. A sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of tropane alkaloids in herbal teas and extracts. Food Control. 105:285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirlini M, Demuth TM, Biancardi A, Rychlik M, Dall’Asta C, Bruni R. 2018. Are tropane alkaloids present in organic foods? Detection of scopolamine and atropine in organic buckwheat (Fagopyron esculentum L.) products by UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem. 239:141–147. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codex AlimentariusCommission. 2023. General Standard For Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed. CXS 193-1995. Rome: Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Food Standards Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities. 2002. Commission Decision of 12 August 2022 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Off J Eur Communities. 221:8–36.
   Google Scholar
• Dusemund B, Schaefer B, Lampen A. 2018. Plant alkaloids. In: Encyclopedia of food chemistry. [place unknown]: Elsevier; p. 344–347. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21814-3.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA CONTAM Panel. 2013. Scientific opinion on tropane alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA J. 11(10):3386,113 pp. [Internet]. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Commission. 2006a. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstufs. Off J Eur Union. 364(1882):5–24.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2006b. Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 laying own the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. 70(401):12–34. [Internet]. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006R0401&qid=1490946469496&from=NL.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2015. COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2015/976 of 19 June 2015 on the monitoring of the presence of tropane alkaloids in food. Off J Eur Union. 157(10):97–98. [Internet]. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2021. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2021/1408 of 27 August 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of tropane alkaloids in certain foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. 304(10):1–4. [Internet]. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386.
   Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT. 2022. Production/crops and livestock products/buckwheat. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Sep 27]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO 2020. Joint FAO/WHO expert meeting on tropane alkaloids. [place unknown]: FAO. doi: 10.4060/cb1857en.
   Google Scholar
• Giménez-Bastida JA, Zieliński H. 2015. Buckwheat as a functional food and its effects on health. J Agric Food Chem. 63(36):7896–7913. [accessed 2022 Sep 30] doi: 10.1021/ACS.JAFC.5B02498/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/JF-2015-02498K_0004.GIF.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves C, Cubero-Leon E, Stroka J. 2020. Determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals, tea and herbal infusions: exploiting proficiency testing data as a basis to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics of an improved LC-MS/MS method. Food Chem. 331:127260. doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2020.127260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandrić Z, Rathor MN, Švarc-Gajić J, Maestroni BM, Sasanya JJ, Djurica R, Cannavan A. 2011. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of tropane alkaloids and glycoalkaloids in crops. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 28(9):1205–1219. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2011.584908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohnen-Johannsen K, Kayser O. 2019. Tropane alkaloids: chemistry, pharmacology, biosynthesis and production. Molecules. 24(4):796. doi: 10.3390/molecules24040796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koval D, Plocková M, Kyselka J, Skřivan P, Sluková M, Horáčková Š. 2020. Buckwheat secondary metabolites: potential antifungal agents. J Agric Food Chem. 68(42):11631–11643. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. 2015b. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods: part I. Anal Chim Acta. 870(1):29–44. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. 2015a. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods: part II. Anal Chim Acta. 870(1):8–28. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. 2017. Multi-analysis determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals and solanaceaes seeds by liquid chromatography coupled to single stage Exactive-Orbitrap. J Chromatogr A. 1518:46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Villaluenga C, Peñas E, Hernández-Ledesma B. 2020. Pseudocereal grains: nutritional value, health benefits and current applications for the development of gluten-free foods. Food Chem Toxicol. 137:111178. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastovska K, Dorweiler KJ, Lehotay SJ, Wegscheid JS, Szpylka KA. 2010. Pesticide multiresidue analysis in cereal grains using modified QuEChERS method combined with automated direct sample introduction GC-TOFMS and UPLC-MS/MS techniques. J Agric Food Chem. 58(10):5959–5972. doi: 10.1021/jf9029892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuszewski BK, Constanzer ML, Chavez-Eng CM. 2003. Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC − MS/MS. Anal Chem. 75(13):3019–3030. doi: 10.1021/ac020361s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo MG, Carqueijo A, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Silva AS. 2019. Modified QuEChERS extraction and HPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of 155 pesticide residues in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Foods. 9(1):18. doi: 10.3390/foods9010018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder PPJ, de Nijs M, Castellari M, Hortos M, MacDonald S, Crews C, Hajslova J, Stranska M. 2016. Occurrence of tropane alkaloids in food. EFSA Support. Publ. 13(12):EN-140, 200pp. doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1140.
   Google Scholar
• Nardin T, Piasentier E, Barnaba C, Larcher R. 2016. Targeted and untargeted profiling of alkaloids in herbal extracts using online solid-phase extraction and high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap). J Mass Spectrom. 51(9):729–741. doi: 10.1002/jms.3838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. 2019. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta. 1070:1–28. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perharič L, Koželj G, Družina B, Stanovnik L. 2013. Risk assessment of buckwheat flour contaminated by thorn-apple (Datura stramonium L.) alkaloids: a case study from Slovenia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 30(2):321–330. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.743189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASFF Window. 2021. Notification 2021.4323: high content of tropane alkaloids in buckwheat flour from Austria, used in baking mixes from Germany. European Commission. [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Sep 27]. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/495136.
   Google Scholar
• RASFF Window. 2023a. Notifications of biocontaminants in cereals and bakery products. European Commissions. [Internet]. [accessed 2023 Nov 29]. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/search?searchQueries=eyJkYXRlIjp7InN0YXJ0UmFuZ2UiOiIyMDIyLTAxLTAxVDAwOjAwOjAwLjAwMFoiLCJlbmRSYW5nZSI6IjIwMjMtMDgtMzBUMjM6MDA6MDAuMDAwWiJ9LCJub3RpZmljYXRpb25TdGF0dXMiOnsibm90aWZpY2F0aW9uU3RhdHVzIjpbWzFdXX0sInByb2R1Y3QiOnsicHJvZHVjdENhdGVnb3J5IjpbWzE4NDM0XV19LCJyaXNrIjp7ImhhemFyZENhdGVnb3J5IjpbWzIxNzgyXV19fQ%3D%3D.
   Google Scholar
• RASFF Window. 2023b. Notification 2023.6326: tropanic alcaloids in buckwheat flour. European Commision. [Internet]. [accessed 2023 Nov 29]. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/633529.
   Google Scholar
• Rejczak T, Tuzimski T. 2015. A review of recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS sample preparation approach. Open Chem. [Internet]. 13(1):980–1010. doi: 10.1515/chem-2015-0109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro MMAC, Barreto DN, Flávio da S. Petruci J, Richter EM. 2022. Simultaneous determination of scopolamine and butylscopolamine in pharmaceutical and beverage samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. Microchem J. 172:106985. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romera-Torres A, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. 2018. Simultaneous analysis of tropane alkaloids in teas and herbal teas by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap). J Sep Sci. 41(9):1938–1946. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201701485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA FoodData Central. 2019. Buckwheat. United States Department of Agriculture. [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Sep 30]. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170286/nutrients.
   Google Scholar
• Vuković G, Stojanović T, Petrović A, Konstantinović B, Puvača N, Marinković D, Špirović Trifunović B, Bursić V. 2021. Tropane alkaloids in mint teas at the Serbian market. Agro-knowl J A. 22(4):117–125. [Internet]. doi: 10.7251/AGREN2104117V.
   Google Scholar