847
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Large-scale water desalination methods: a review and new perspectives

&
Pages 2836-2849 | Received 17 May 2012, Accepted 25 Sep 2012, Published online: 02 Apr 2013

References

  • J. Koschikowski, Water desalination: When and where will it make sense? Fraunhofer ISE (2011) 42. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_aaas2011_energy_water_koschikowski.pdf
  • GWI, IDA desalination yearbook 2011–2012, Global Water Intelligence, London, 2012.
  • V. Frenkel, Desalination methods, technology, and economics, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, 2000. Available from: http://www.idswater.com/common/paper/paper_90/desalination%20methods,%20technology,%20and%20economics1.htm.
  • Examining the economics of seawater desalination using the DEEP code, IAEA-TECDOC-1186, ISSN 1011–4289/IAEA, Austria, Vienna, 2000, p. 88.
  • A.M.K. El-Ghonemy, Future sustainable water desalination technologies for the Saudi Arabia: A review, Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 6566–6597, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.026.
  • T. Winter, D.J. Pannell, L. McCann, The economics of desalination and its potential application in Australia, SEA Working Paper 01/02,University of Western Australia, Perth, 2006.
  • Hodson , T.D. , Elliot , M.N. and Jordan , W.S. 1974 . Calcium sulphate scaling in falling film evaporators . Desalination , 14 : 77 – 91 .
  • G. Micale, L. Rizzuti, A. Cipollina, Conventional Thermal Processes. Green Energy and Technology, Seawater Desalination, Conventional Renewable Energy Processes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009, pp. 17–40.
  • Hou , H. , Bi , Q.C. and Zhang , X.L. 2012 . Numerical simulation and performance analysis of horizontal-tube falling-film evaporators in seawater desalination . Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer , 39 : 46 – 51 . doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.08.023
  • Yang , L. , Shen , S. , Hu , H. and Chen , X. 2010 . Thermal analysis of internal condensation process in a horizontal tube of falling film evaporation . Desalin. Water Treat. , 24 : 101 – 108 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2010.1249
  • Galal , T. , Kalendar , A. , Al-Saftawi , A. and Zedan , M. 2010 . Heat transfer performance of condenser tubes in an MSF desalination system . J. Mech. Sci. Technol. , 24 : 2347 – 2355 . doi: 10.1007/s12206–010-0617–8
  • Yang , L.P. , Shen , S.Q. and Hu , H.W. 2011 . Thermodynamic performance of a low temperature multi-effect distillation experimental unit with horizontal-tube falling film evaporation . Desalin. Water Treat. , 33 : 202 – 208 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2514
  • Hornayoonfal , M. and Akbari , A. 2010 . Preparation of polysulfone nano-structured membrane for sulphate ions removal from water . Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. , 7 : 407 – 412 .
  • Khedr , A.G. 2008 . Membrane methods in tailoring simpler, more efficient, and cost effective wastewater treatment alternatives . Desalination , 222 : 134 – 145 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.066
  • Low , S.C. , Cheng , L.P. and Hee , L.S. 2008 . Water softening using a generic low cost nano-filtration membrane . Desalination , 221 : 168 – 173 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.064
  • D.M. Zarkadas, B. Li, K.K. Sirkar, Polymeric hollow fiber heat exchangers (PHFHEs): A new type of compact heat exchanger for lower temperature applications, Proceedings of the ASME summer Heat Transfer Conference 2005, San Francisco, CA, the USA, 4, 2005, pp. 429–438, doi: 10.1115/HT2005–72590.
  • Christmann , J.B.P. , Kratz , L.J. and Bart , H.J. 2010 . Novel polymer film heat exchangers for seawater desalination . Desalin. Water Treat. , 211 : 162 – 174 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2010.1325
  • J. Peutlier, V. Baudu, P. Boillot and J.-C. Gagnepain, News trends in selection of metallic material for desalination industry, IDA World Congress, Dubai, the UAE, 2009, p. 15.
  • H. Ettouney, L. Rizzuti, Solar desalination: A challenge for sustainable fresh water in the 21st century, in: L. Rizzuti, H.M. Ettouney, A. Cipollina (Eds.), Solar Desalination for the 21st Century, NATO Security through Science Series, 2007, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5508-9_1.
  • M.T. Chaibi, A.M. El-Nashar, Solar thermal processes: A review of solar thermal energy technologies for water desalination, in: G. Micale, L. Rizzuti, A. Cipollina (Eds.), Seawater Desalination, Green Energy and Technology, 2009, pp. 131–163.
  • F. Banat, H. Qiblawey, Membrane desalination driven by solar energy, in: L. Rizzuti, H.M. Ettouney, A. Cipollina (Eds.), Solar Desalination for the 21st Century, NATO Security through Science Series, 2007, pp. 271–291.
  • R. Dev, G.N. Tiwari, Solar distillation, in: R. Chittaranjan, J. Ravi (Eds.), Drinking Water Treatment: Focusing on Appropriate Technology and Sustainability, 2011, pp. 159–210.
  • J. Leblanc, J. Andrews, Low-temperature multi-effect evaporation desalination systems coupled with salinity-gradient solar ponds, Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007, 5, 2009, pp. 2151–2157, doi: 10.1007/978–3-540–75997–3_436.
  • M. Adel, D. Abdel, A pioneer system of solar water desalination, Proceeding of ISES World Congress 2007, 5, 2009, pp. 1923–1928, doi: 10.1007/978–3-540–75997-3_392.
  • Al-Karaghouli , A. , Renne , D. and Kazmerski , L.L. 2009 . Solar and wind opportunities for water desalination in the Arab regions . Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev. , 13 : 2397 – 2407 . doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.05.007
  • Greenlee , L.F. , Lawler , D.F. , Freeman , B.D. , Marrot , B. and Moulin , P. 2009 . Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges . Water Res. , 43 : 2317 – 2348 .
  • Al-Hawaj , O.M. 2011 . Theoretical analysis of sliding vane energy recovery device . Desalin. Water Treat. , 36 : 354 – 362 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2639
  • Sharqawy , M.H. , Zubair , S.M. and Lienhard , J.H. 2011 . Second law analysis of reverse osmosis desalination plants: An alternative design using pressure retarded osmosis , 36 : 6617 – 6626 . doi: 10.1016/j.energy. 2011.08.056
  • Li , M.H. 2011 . Reducing specific energy consumption in reverse osmosis (RO) water desalination: An analysis from first principles . Desalination , 276 : 128 – 135 .
  • Peñate , B. and García-Rodríguez , L. 2011 . Energy optimisation of existing SWRO (seawater reverse osmosis) plants with ERT (energy recovery turbines): Technical and thermoeconomic assessment . Energy , 36 : 613 – 626 . doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.056
  • Misdan , N. , Lau , W.J. and Ismail , A.F. 2012 . Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination by thin-film composite membrane—current development, challenges and future prospects . Desalination , 287 : 228 – 237 .
  • Wang , P. , Teoh , M.M. and Chung , T.S. 2011 . Morphological architecture of dual-layer hollow fiber for membrane distillation with higher desalination performance . Water Res. , 45 : 5489 – 5500 .
  • Ji , Y.L. , An , Q.F. , Zhao , Q. , Sun , W.D. , Lee , K.R. , Chen , H.L. and Gao , C.J. 2012 . Novel composite nanofiltration membranes containing zwitterions with high permeate flux and improved anti-fouling performance . J. Membr. Sci. , 390 : 243 – 253 .
  • Functionalization methods of membrane surfaces,, in: Z.K. Xu, X.J. Huang, L.S. Wan (Eds.), Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes, Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 2009, pp. 64–79.
  • McCloskey , B.D. , Park , H.B. , Ju , H. , Rowe , B.W. , Miller , D.J. and Freeman , B.D. 2012 . A bioinspired fouling-resistant surface modification for water purification membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 413–414 : 82 – 90 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.04.021
  • McCloskey , B.D. , Park , H.B. , Ju , H. , Rowe , B.W. , Miller , D.J. , Chun , B.J. , Kin , K. and Freeman , B.D. 2010 . Influence of polydopamine deposition conditions on pure water flux and foulant adhesion resistance of reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration membranes . Polymer , 51 : 3472 – 3485 . doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.008
  • Miller , D.J. , Araujo , P.A. , Correia , P.B. , Ramsey , M.M. , Kruithof , J.C. , van Loosdrecht , M.C.M. , Freeman , B.D. , Paul , D.R. , Whiteley , M. and Vrouwenvelder , J.S. 2012 . Short-term adhesion and long-term biofouling testing of polydopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) surface modifications of membranes and feed spacers for biofouling control . Water Res. , 46 : 3737 – 3753 . doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.058
  • C.J. Kurth, J.A. Koehler, M. Zhou, B.A. Holmberg and R.L. Burk, Making thin film composite membrane, by introducing first and second monomers in polar and non-polar liquids respectively, introducing partially hydrolyzed third monomer in non-polar liquid, and contacting polar and non-polar liquids, Patent N. WO2010120327-A1, 2010–N19341.
  • Yu , H.J. , Cao , Y.M. , Kang , G.D. , Liu , J.H. and Li , M. 2012 . Tethering methoxy polyethylene glycols to improve the antifouling property of PSF/PAA-blended membranes . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 124 : E123 – E133 . doi: 10.1002/app. 35611
  • Azari , S. and Zou , L. 2012 . Using zwitterionic amino acid L-DOPA to modify the surface of thin film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes to increase their fouling resistance . J. Membr. Sci. , 401–402 : 68 – 75 .
  • Lee , J. and Kim , I.S. 2011 . Microbial community in seawater reverse osmosis and rapid diagnosis of membrane biofouling . Desalination , 273 : 118 – 126 .
  • Johnson , J. and Busch , M. 2010 . Engineering aspects of reverse osmosis module design . Desalin. Water Treat. , 15 : 236 – 248 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2010.1756
  • Kim , S. , Cho , D. , Lee , M.S. , Oh , B.S. , Kim , J.H. and Kim , I.S. 2009 . SEAHERO R&D program and key strategies for the scale-up of a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) system . Desalination , 238 : 1 – 9 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.029
  • Kim , S. , Oh , B.S. , Hwang , M.-H. , Hong , S. , Kim , J.H. , Lee , S. and Kim , I.S. 2011 . An ambitious step to the future desalination technology: SEAHERO R&D program (2007–2012) . Appl. Water Sci. , 1 : 11 – 17 . doi: 10.1007/s13201–011-0003–4
  • E. Curcio, E. Drioli, Membranes for desalination, Seawater Desalin. Green Energy Technol. (2009) 41–75.
  • Scientific Production Company “Mediana-filter”, Comparison of water desalination methods, (2010) 5, (in Russian).
  • Guler , E. , Ozakdag , D. , Arda , M. , Yuksel , M. and Kabay , N. 2010 . Effect of temperature on seawater desalination-water quality analyses for desalinated seawater for its use as drinking and irrigation water . Environ. Geochem. Health , 32 : 335 – 339 . doi: 10.1007/s10653–010-9294-x
  • Supaiman , A.-O. , Efrem , C. and Francesca , M. 2008 . Potential of membrane distillation in seawater desalination: Thermal efficiency, sensitivity study and cost estimation . J. Membr. , 323 : 85 – 98 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.06.006
  • Halpern , D.F. , McArble , J. and Antrim , B. 2005 . UF pretreatment for SWRO: Pilot studies . Desalination , 182 : 323 – 332 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.031
  • Bonnelye , V. , Sanz , M.A. , Durand , J.-P. , Plasse , L. , Gueguen , F. and Mazounie , P. 2004 . Reverse osmosis on open intake seawater: Pre-treatment strategy . Desalination , 167 : 191 – 200 .
  • R.A. Davis, G. Southwell, Practical considerations in ensuring cost minimization in the design and operation of sulphate-removal systems, Society of Petroleum Engineers—2nd International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, 2007, pp. 539–542.
  • Elguera , A.M. and Perez Baez , S.O. 2005 . Development of the most adequate pre-treatment for high capacity seawater desalination plants with open intake . Desalination , 184 : 173 – 183 .
  • Bonnelye , V. , Guey , L. and Del Castillo , J. 2008 . UF/MF as RO pre-treatment: The real benefit . Desalination , 222 : 59 – 65 .
  • S. Jeong, Y. Choi, T.V. Nguyen, S. Vigneswaran and T. Hwang, Submerged membrane hybrid systems as pretreatment in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO): Optimisation and fouling mechanism determination, J. Membr. Sci. 411–412 (2012) 173–181.
  • Chae , S.-R. , Yamamura , H. , Ikeda , K. and Watanabe , Y. 2008 . Comparison of fouling characteristics of two different poly-vinylidene fluoride microfiltration membranes in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment system using pre-coagulation/sedimentation, sand filtration, and chlorination . Water Res. , 42 : 2029 – 2042 .
  • Zheng , X. , Ernst , M. and Jekel , M. 2010 . Pilot-scale investigation on the removal of organic foulants in secondary effluent by slow sand filtration prior to ultrafiltration . Water Res. , 44 : 3203 – 3213 .
  • Jeong , S. , Park , Y. , Lee , S. , Kim , J. , Lee , K. , Lee , J. and Chon , H.T. 2011 . Pre-treatment of SWRO pilot plant for desalination using submerged MF membrane process: Trouble shooting and optimization . Desalination , 279 : 86 – 95 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.064
  • Choi , Y.H. and Kweon , J.H. 2010 . Impacts of highly turbid water on microfiltration with coagulation pretreatment . KSCE J. Civ. Eng. , 14 : 273 – 280 . doi: 10.1007/s12205–010-0273–7
  • Xie , R.J. , Tan , E.K. , Lim , S.K. , Haw , E. , Chiew , C.P. , Sivaraman , A. , Puah , A.N. , Lau , Y.H. and Teo , C.P. 2009 . Pre-treatment optimisation of SWRO membrane desalination under tropical conditions . Desalin. Water Treat. , 3 : 183 – 192 .
  • Peters , T. and Pinto , D. 2008 . Seawater intake and pre-treatment/brine discharge—environmental issues . Desalination , 221 : 576 – 584 .
  • Perez-Gonzalez , A. , Urtiaga , A.M. , Ibanez , R. and Ortiz , I. 2012 . State of the art and review on the treatment technologies of water reverse osmosis concentrates . Water Res. , 46 : 267 – 283 .
  • Wei , C.-H. , Huang , X. , Aim , R.B. , Yamamoto , K. and Amy , G. 2011 . Critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place during the long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 45 : 863 – 871 .
  • R.S. Anderssen, R.D. Braddock, L.T.H. Newham, Disinfectant dosing of blended drinking waters, 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Cairns, the Australia, 2009, pp. 4461–4466.
  • Wittholz , M.K. , O’Neill , B.K. , Colby , C.B. and Lewis , D. 2008 . Estimating the cost of desalination plants using a cost database . Desalination , 229 : 10 – 20 .
  • Molina , V.G. , Taub , M. , Yohay , L. and Busch , M. 2011 . Long term membrane process and performance in Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant . Desalin. Water Treat. , 31 115–120
  • Drami , D. , Yacibi , Y.Z. , Stabmler , N. and Kress , N. 2011 . Seawater quality and microbial communities at a desalination plant marine outfall, A field study at the Israeli Mediterranean coast . Water Res. , 45 : 5449 – 5462 . doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.005
  • Molina , V.G. , Taub , M. , Yohay , L. and Busch , M. 2011 . Long term membrane process and performance in Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant . Desalin. Water Treat. , 31 : 115 – 120 . doi: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2353
  • O.A. Hamed, Evolutionary developments of thermal desalination plants in the Arab Gulf region, R&D Center, SWCC, Beirut Conference, 2004, p. 15.
  • E. Drioli, F. Macedonio, New trends and technologies formembrane desalination, in: E. Drioli, A. Criscuoli, F. Macedonio (Eds.), Membrane Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach, Inaugural KAUST Economics Development International Symposium at the China Water Show in Shanghai, May 6, 2010.
  • Kim , S.J. , Ko , S.H. , Kang , K.H. and Han , J. 2010 . Direct seawater desalination by ion concentration polarization . Nature Nanotechnol. , 5 : 297 – 301 .
  • Shannon , M.A. 2010 . Water desalination: Fresh for less . Nature Nanotechnol. , 5 : 248 – 250 . doi: 10. 1038/nnano.2010.71
  • Gong , X.J. , Li , J.Y. , Lu , H.K. , Wan , R.Z. , Li , J.C. , Hu , J. and Fang , H.P. 2007 . A charge-driven molecular water pump . Nature Nanotechnol. , 2 : 709 – 712 . doi: 10.1038/nnano. 2007.320
  • L.S. Chay, H.H. Juan, White paper: Low cost seawater desalination – Forward osmosis membrane, WateReuse Association, 30 Apr 2010.
  • McCutcheon , J.R. , McGinnis , R.L. and Elimelech , M. 2005 . A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process . Desalination , 174 : 1 – 11 .
  • Arena , J.T. , McCloskey , B. , Freeman , B.D. and McCutcheon , J.R. 2011 . Surface modification of thin film composite membrane support layers with polydopamine: Enabling use of reverse osmosis membranes in pressure retarded osmosis . J. Membr. Sci. , 375 : 55 – 62 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.060
  • T.Y. Cath, A.E. Childress, M. Elimelech, Forward osmosis: Principles, application and recent developments, review, J. Membr. Sci. 281 (2006) 70.
  • McGinnis , R.L. , McCutcheon , J.R. and Elimelech , M. 2007 . A novel ammonia–carbon dioxide osmotic heat engine for power generation . J. Membr. Sci. , 305 : 13 – 19 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.08.027
  • Ge , Q.C. , Su , J.C. , Amy , G.L. and Chung , T.-S. 2012 . Exploration of polyelectrolytes as draw solutes in forward osmosis processes . Water Res. , 46 : 1318 – 1326 . doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.043
  • Phuntsho , S. , Shon , H.K. , Hong , S. , Lee , S. and Vigneswaran , S. 2011 . A novel low energy fertilizer driven forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation: Evaluating the performance of fertilizer draw solutions . J. Membr. Sci. , 375 : 172 – 181 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.038
  • Achilli , A. , Cath , T.Y. and Childress , A.E. 2010 . Selection of inorganic-based draw solutions for forward osmosis applications , 364 : 233 – 241 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.010
  • Kim , T.-W. , Kim , Y. , Yun , C. , Jang , H. , Kim , W. and Park , S. 2012 . Systematic approach for draw solute selection and optimal system design for forward osmosis . Desalination , 284 : 253 – 260 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.008
  • McGinnis , R.L. and Elimelech , M. 2007 . Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination . Desalination , 207 : 370 – 382 .
  • Wei , J. , Qiu , C.Q. , Tang , Y. , Wang , R. and Fane , A.G. 2011 . Synthesis and characterization of flat-sheet thin film composite forward osmosis . Membranes , 372 : 292 – 302 .
  • Modern water to build first forward osmosis desalination plant, Pump Ind. Analyst 2011 (2011) 3.
  • Modern water awarded contract for commercial FO desalination plant, Membr. Technol. 2011 (2011) 6–7.
  • Mi , B. and Elimelech , M. 2010 . Gypsum scaling and cleaning in forward osmosis: Measurements and mechanisms . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 44 : 2022 – 2028 .
  • A.E.S. Van Driessche, L.G. Benning, J.D. Rodriguez-Blanco, M. Ossorio, P. Bots, J.M. García-Ruiz, The role and implications of bassanite as a stable precursor phase to gypsum precipitation, 336 (2012) 69–72, doi: 10.1126/science.1215648.
  • Zhao , S.F. , Zou , L. , Tang , C.Y. and Mulcahy , D. 2012 . Recent developments in forward osmosis: Opportunities and challenges . J. Membr. Sci. , 396 : 1 – 21 .
  • Wei , J. , Liu , X. , Qiu , C.Q. , Wang , R. and Tang , C.Y. 2011 . Influence of monomer concentrations on the performance of polyamide-based thin film composite forward osmosis membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 381 : 110 – 117 .
  • Li , W.Y. , Gao , Y.B. and Tang , C.Y. 2011 . Network modeling for studying the effect of support structure on internal concentration polarization during forward osmosis: Model development and theoretical analysis with FEM . J. Membr. Sci. , 379 : 307 – 321 .
  • Cornelissen , E.R. , Harmsen , D. , de Korte , K.F. , Ruiken , C.J. , Qin , J.-J. , Oo , H. and Wessels , L.P. 2008 . Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge . J. Membr. Sci. , 319 : 158 – 168 .
  • Mi , B.X. and Elimelech , M. 2008 . Chemical and physical aspects of organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 320 : 292 – 302 .
  • Yong , J.S. , Phillip , W.A. and Elimelech , M. 2012 . Coupled reverse draw solute permeation and water flux in forward osmosis with neutral draw solutes . J. Membr. Sci. , 392–393 : 9 – 17 .
  • She , Q.H. , Jin , X. and Tang , C.Y. 2012 . Osmotic power production from salinity gradient resource by pressure retarded osmosis: Effects of operating conditions and reverse solute diffusion . J. Membr. Sci. , 401–402 : 262 – 273 .
  • Xiao , D.Z. , Li , W.Y. , Chou , S.R. , Wang , R. and Tang , C.Y. 2012 . A modeling investigation on optimizing the design of forward osmosis hollow fiber modules . J. Membr. Sci. , 392–393 : 76 – 87 .
  • Su , J.C. , Yang , Q. , Teo , J.F. and Chung , T.-S. 2010 . Cellulose acetate nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes for forward osmosis processes . J. Membr. Sci. , 355 : 36 – 44 .
  • Kim , T.-W. , Kim , Y. , Yun , C. , Jang , H. , Kim , W. and Park , S. 2012 . Systematic approach for draw solute selection and optimal system design for forward osmosis desalination . Desalination , 284 : 253 – 260 .
  • Phuntsho , S. , Shon , H.K. , Hong , S. , Lee , S. and Vigneswaran , S. 2011 . A novel low energy fertilizer driven forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation: Evaluating the performance of fertilizer draw solutions . J. Membr. Sci. , 375 : 172 – 181 .
  • Achilli , A. , Cath , T.Y. and Childress , A.E. 2010 . Selection of inorganic-based draw solutions for forward osmosis applications . J. Membr. Sci. , 364 : 233 – 241 .
  • Jung , D.H. , Lee , J. , Kim , D.Y. , Lee , Y.G. , Park , M. , Lee , S. , Yang , D.R. and Kim , J.H. 2011 . Simulation of forward osmosis membrane process: Effect of membrane orientation and flow direction of feed and draw solutions . Desalination , 277 : 83 – 91 .
  • Oren , Y. 2008 . Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment—past, present and future . Desalination , 228 : 10 – 29 . doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.005
  • Welgemoed , T.J. and Schutte , C.F. 2005 . Capacitive deionization technologyTM: An alternative desalination solution . Desalination , 183 : 327 – 340 .
  • S. Dietz, Improved electrodes for capacitive deionization, Proceedings of the 2004 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Birmingham, AL, the USA, 2004, p. 5.
  • Kim , Y.-J. and Choi , J.-H. 2010 . Improvement of desalination efficiency in capacitive deionization using a carbon electrode coated with an ion-exchange polymer . Water Res. , 44 : 990 – 996 .
  • Li , H. and Zou , L. 2011 . Ion-exchange membrane capacitive deionization: A new strategy for brackish water desalination . Desalination , 275 : 62 – 66 .
  • Yang , J. , Zou , L. and Song , H. 2012 . Preparing MnO2/PSS/CNTs composite electrodes by layer-by-layer deposition of MnO2 in the membrane capacitive deoinisation . Desalination , 286 : 108 – 114 .
  • Ryu , J.-H. , Kim , T.-J. , Lee , T.-Y. and Lee , I.-B. 2010 . A study on modeling and simulation of capacitive deionization process for wastewater treatment . J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. , 41 : 506 – 511 .
  • Atlas , R. and Wendell , J. 2008 . Low-power capacitive deionization method shows promise for treating coalbed methane produced water . World Oil , 229 : 231 – 234 .
  • Gethard , K. , Sae-Khow , O. and Mitra , S. 2011 . Water desalination using carbon-nanotube-enhanced membrane distillation . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 3 : 110 doi: 10.1021/am100981s
  • Corry , B. 2008 . Designing carbon nanotube membranes for efficient water desalination . J. Phys. Chem. B , 112 : 1427 – 1434 . doi: 10.1021/jp709845u
  • Ken , G. and Somenath , M. 2011 . Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane distillation for online preconcentration of trace pharmaceuticals in polar solvents . Analyst , 136 : 2643 – 2648 . doi: 10.1039/c1an15140a
  • Majeed , S. , Fierro , D. , Buhr , K. , Wind , J. , Du , B. , Boschetti-de-Fierro , A. and Abetz , V. 2012 . Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) mixed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes . J. Membr. Sci. , 403–404 : 101 – 109 .
  • Kim , E.-S. , Hwang , G. and El-Din , M.G. 2012 . Development of nanosilver and multi-walled carbon nanotubes thin-film nanocomposite membrane for enhanced water treatment . J. Membr. Sci. , 394–395 : 37 – 48 . doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.11.041
  • Gethard , K. , Sae-Khow , O. and Mitra , S. 2012 . Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane distillation for simultaneous generation of pure water and concentrating pharmaceutical waste . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 90 : 239 – 245 .
  • C.H. Ahn, Y. Baek, C. Lee, S.O. Kim, S. Kim, S. Lee, S.-H. Kim, S.S. Bae, K. Park, J. Yoon, Carbon nanotube-based membranes: Fabrication and application to desalination, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 18 (2012) 1551–1559.
  • Kamal , I. 2008 . Myth and reality of the hybrid desalination process . Desalination , 230 : 269 – 280 .
  • A.S. Machinski, Hydrodymanics and thermal transfer characteristics of supercavitating evaporators for water desalination, Ph.D Thesis: 05.17.08, Moscow: Russian State Library, 2007, (in Russian).
  • B. Rudenko, How to make up water resources, J. Science & Life, 12 (2007), Available from: www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/12366/ (in Russian).
  • Complex for desalting of water and water purification of any degree of pollution, Available from: www.teros-mifi.ru/category/desalination, access date: 2011.11.21.
  • V.L. Pozdunin, Supercavitating screws. J. Izvestia AN SSSR, (1944), 1–2 (in Russian).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.