Overview of sewage sludge minimisation: techniques based on cell lysis-cryptic growth

References

• Zhao , Q. and Kugel , G. 1996 . Thermophilic/mesophilic digestion of sewage sludge and organic wastes . J. Environ. Sci. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazard. Substances Environ. Eng. , 31 ( 9 ) : 2211 – 2231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low , E.W. and Chase , H.A. 1999 . Reducing production of excess biomass during wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 33 ( 5 ) : 1119 – 1132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , Y. , Van Houten , R.T. , Borger , A.R. , Eikelboom , D.H. and Fan , Y. 2003 . Minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment . Water Res. , 37 ( 18 ) : 4453 – 4467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Yu and Tay , J.-H. 2001 . Strategy for minimization of excess sludge production from the activated sludge process . Biotechnol. Adv. , 19 ( 2 ) : 97 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood , Talat and Elliott , Allan . 2006 . A review of secondary sludge reduction technologies for the pulp and paper industry . Water Res. , 40 ( 11 ) : 2093 – 2112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Elvira , S.I. , Nieto Diez , P. and Fdz-Polanco , F. 2006 . Sludge minimisation technologies . Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. , 5 ( 4 ) : 375 – 398 .
   Google Scholar
• Martinage , V. and Paul , E. 2000 . Effect of environmental parameters on autotrophic decay rate (b(A)) . Environ. Technol. , 21 ( 1 ) : 31 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberger , S. , Krüger , U. , Witzig , R. , Manz , W. , Szewzyk , U. and Kraume , M. 2002 . Performance of a bioreactor with submerged membranes for aerobic treatment of municipal waste water . Water Res. , 36 ( 2 ) : 413 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragón , C. , Quiroga , J.M. and Coello , M.D. 2009 . Comparison of four chemical uncouplers for excess sludge reduction . Environ. Technol. , 30 ( 7 ) : 707 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G.-H. , Saby , S.B. , Djafer , M.B. and Mo , H.-K. 2001 . New approaches to minimize excess sludge in activated sludge systems . Water Sci. Technol. , 44 ( 10 ) : 203 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye , F. and Li , Y. 2010 . Oxic-settling-anoxic (OSA) process combined with 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to reduce excess sludge production in the activated sludge system . Biochem. Eng. J. , 49 ( 2 ) : 229 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickx , T.L.G. , Temmink , H. , Elissen , H.J.H. and Buisman , C.J.N. 2010 . Aquatic worms eat sludge: Mass balances and processing of worm faeces . J. Hazard. Mater. , 177 ( 1–3 ) : 633 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , S.-J. , Miyanaga , K. , Tanji , Y. and Unno , H. 2006 . Effect of intermittent aeration on the decrease of biological sludge amount . Biochem. Eng. J. , 27 ( 3 ) : 246 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khursheed , A. and Kazmi , A.A. 2011 . Retrospective of ecological approaches to excess sludge reduction . Water Res. , 45 ( 15 ) : 4287 – 4310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , Y.C. , Chang , C.N. , Lin , J.G. and Huang , S.J. 1997 . Alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before anaerobic digestion . Water Sci. Technol. , 36 ( 11 ) : 155 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Deleris, E. Paul, J.M. Audic, M. Roustan, H. Debellefontaine, Effect of ozonation on activated sludge solubilization and mineralization, Ozone: Sci. Eng. 22(5) (2000) 473–486.
   Google Scholar
• Haug , R.T. , LeBrun , T.J. and Tortorici , L.D. 1983 . Thermal pretreatment of sludges – a field demonstration . J. Water Poll. Control Feder. , 55 ( 1 ) : 23 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , J.A. 2000 . Disintegration as a key-step in sewage sludge treatment . Water Sci. Technol. , 41 ( 8 ) : 123 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , J.A. 2001 . Prospects and problems of sludge pre-treatment processes . Water Sci. Technol. , 44 ( 10 ) : 121 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Foladori, G. Andreottola, G. Ziglio, Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants, IWA Publishing, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• E. Paul, H. Debellefontaine, Reduction of excess sludge produced by biological treatment processes: Effect of ozonation on biomass and on sludge, Ozone: Sci. Eng. 29(6) (2007) 415–427.
   Google Scholar
• Yan , S.-T. , Chu , L.-B. , Xing , X.-H. , Yu , A.-F. , Sun , X.-L. and Jurcik , B. 2009 . Analysis of the mechanism of sludge ozonation by a combination of biological and chemical approaches . Water Res. , 43 ( 1 ) : 195 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , L. , Wang , J. , Wang , B. , Xing , X.-H. , Yan , S. , Sun , X. and Jurzik , B. 2009 . Changes in biomass activity and characteristics of activated sludge exposed to low ozone dose . Chemosphere , 77 ( 2 ) : 269 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , G. , Yang , J. , Liu , H. and Zhang , J. 2009 . Sludge ozonation: Disintegration, supernatant changes and mechanisms . Bioresour. Technol. , 100 ( 3 ) : 1505 – 1509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Nagare, H. Tsuno, W. Saktaywin, T. Soyama, Sludge ozonation and its application to a new advanced wastewater treatment process with sludge disintegration, Ozone: Sci. Eng. 30(2) (2008) 136–144.
   Google Scholar
• Manterola , G. , Uriarte , I. and Sancho , L. 2008 . The effect of operational parameters of the process of sludge ozonation on the solubilisation of organic and nitrogenous compounds . Water Res. , 42 ( 12 ) : 3191 – 3197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasui , H. and Shibata , M. 1994 . An innovative approach to reduce excess sludge production in the activated sludge process . Water Sci. Technol. , 30 ( 9 pt 9 ) : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deleris , S. , Geaugey , V. , Camacho , P. , Debellafontaine , H. and Paul , E. 2002 . Minimization of sludge production in biological processes: An alternative solution for the problem of sludge disposal . Water Sci. Technol. , 46 ( 10 ) : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya , T. and Hirotsuji , J. 1998 . New combined system of biological process and intermittent ozonation for advanced wastewater treatment . Water Sci. Technol. , 38 ( 8–9 ) : 145 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , L. , Yan , S. , Xing , X.-H. , Sun , X. and Jurzik , B. 2009 . Progress and perspectives of sludge ozonation as a powerful pretreatment method for minimization of excess sludge production . Water Res. , 43 ( 7 ) : 1811 – 1822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Al Momani, S. Schaefer, M. Sievers, Improved sludge dewaterability for sequential ozonation—aerobic treatment. Ozone: Sci. Eng. 32(4) (2010) 252–258.
   Google Scholar
• Hassani , A.H. , Nejaei , A. and Torabian , A. 2011 . Excess sludge minimization in conventional activated sludge pilot plant by three chemical matters . Int. J. Environ. Res. , 5 ( 4 ) : 981 – 988 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeom , I.T. , Lee , K.R. , Choi , Y.G. , Kim , H.S. , Kwon , J.H. , Lee , U.J. and Lee , Y.H. 2005 . A pilot study on accelerated sludge degradation by a high-concentration membrane bioreactor coupled with sludge pretreatment . Water Sci. Technol. , 52 ( 10–11 ) : 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , Y.-F. , Wang , L. , Wang , B.-Z. , He , S.-B. , Liu , S. and Chen , J.-M. 2007 . Sludge ozonation and its effect on performance of submerged membrane bio-reactor . J. Harbin Inst. Technol. (New Series) , 14 ( 6 ) : 807 – 811 .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , Y.-K. , Lee , K.-R. , Ko , K.-B. and Yeom , I.-T. 2007 . Effects of chemical sludge disintegration on the performances of wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor . Water Res. , 41 ( 12 ) : 2665 – 2671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. , Wang , L. , Wang , B.Z. , Jiang , Y.F. and Liu , S. 2008 . Bench-scale study on zero excess activated sludge production process coupled with ozonation unit in membrane bioreactor . J. Environ. Sci. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazard. Substances Environ. Eng. , 43 ( 11 ) : 1325 – 1332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasui , H. , Nakamura , K. , Sakuma , S. , Iwasaki , M. and Sakai , Y. 1996 . A full-scale operation of a novel activated sludge process without excess sludge production . Water Sci. Technol. , 34 ( 3–4 ) : 395 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Rewcastle, T. Taylor, J.L.T. Churchcley, D. Perrin, Full-scale trial of Degremont’s Biolysis’O sludge minimisation technology on an activated sludge plant in the UK, in: At Ninth European Biosolids and Biowastes Conference, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ried , A. , Stapel , H. , Koll , R. , Schettlinger , M. , Wemhöner , F. , Hamman-Steinmeier , A. , Miethe , M. and Brombach , A. 2002 . Optimierungsmöglichkeiten beim Betrieb von biologischenKläranlagen durch den Einsatz von Ozon . Korrespondenz Abwasser , 49 ( 5 ) : 648 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , Y. , Kondo , T. , Nakagawa , K. , Tsuneda , S. , Hirata , A. , Shimizu , Y. and Inamori , Y. 2006 . Evaluation of sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery efficiencies in a new advanced wastewater treatment system using denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms . Water Sci. Technol. , 53 ( 6 ) : 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Gardoni, E. Ficara, R. Fornarelli, M. Parolini, R. Canziani, Long-term effects of the ozonation of the sludge recycling stream on excess sludge reduction and biomass activity at full-scale, Water Sci. Technol. 63(9) (2011) 2032–2038.
   Google Scholar
• Böhler , M. and Siegrist , H. 2004 . Partial ozonation of activated sludge to reduce excess sludge, improve denitrification and control scumming and bulking . Water Sci. Technol. , 49 ( 10 ) : 41 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , E.E. , Edwards , F. and Hernandez , J. 2009 . Ozonation in sequencing batch reactors for reduction of waste solids . Water Environ. Res. , 81 ( 5 ) : 506 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Saktaywin, H. Tsuno, H. Nagare, T. Soyama, Operation of a new sewage treatment process with technologies of excess sludge reduction and phosphorus recovery, Water Sci. Technol. 53(12) (2006) 217.
   Google Scholar
• Dytczak , M.A. , Londry , K.L. , Siegrist , H. and Oleszkiewicz , J.A. 2007 . Ozonation reduces sludge production and improves denitrification . Water Res. , 41 ( 3 ) : 543 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inchauste-Daza , A. , Saroj , D. , Lopez-Vazquez , C.M. and Brdjanovic , D. 2011 . Ozonation for sludge reduction and improved biological nutrient removal . J. Residuals Sci. Technol. , 8 ( 2 ) : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• S.Yang, Q. Wang, T. Zhang, P. Li, C. Wu, Biological nitrogen removal using the supernatant of Ozonized Sludge as extra carbon source. Ozone: Sci. Eng. 33(5) (2011) 410–416.
   Google Scholar
• Park , K.Y. , Lee , J.W. , Song , K.G. and Ahn , K.H. 2011 . Ozonolysate of excess sludge as a carbon source in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal for low strength wastewater . Bioresour. Technol. , 102 ( 3 ) : 2462 – 2467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Tsuno, K. Arakawa, Y. Kato, H. Nagare, Advanced sewage treatment with ozone under excess sludge reduction, disinfection and removal of EDCs, Ozone: Sci. Eng. 30(3) (2008) 238–245.
   Google Scholar
• Chu , L.B. , Wang , J. , Xing , X.-H. , Sun , X. and Jurzik , B. 2010 . Evaluation of biodegradation of soluble and particulate matter produced during sewage sludge ozonation by a combination of chemical and microbial approaches . J. Environ. Sci. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazard. Substances Environ. Eng. , 45 ( 11 ) : 1315 – 1321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dytczak , Magdalena A. and Oleszkiewicz , Jan A. 2008 . Performance change during long-term ozonation aimed at augmenting denitrification and decreasing waste activated sludge . Chemosphere , 73 ( 9 ) : 1529 – 1532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui , P. , Nishimura , F. , Nagare , H. , Hidaka , T. , Nakagawa , Y. and Tsuno , H. 2011 . Behavior of inorganic elements during sludge ozonation and their effects on sludge solubilization . Water Res. , 45 ( 5 ) : 2029 – 2037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , G. , Chen , S. , Shi , J. , Wang , S. and Zhu , G. 2010 . Combination treatment of ultrasound and ozone for improving solubilization and anaerobic biodegradability of waste activated sludge . J. Hazard. Mater. , 180 ( 1–3 ) : 340 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , Li-Bing , Yan , S.-T. , Xing , X.-H. , Yu , A.-F. , Sun , X.-L. and Jurzcik , B. 2008 . Enhanced sludge solubilization by microbubble ozonation . Chemosphere , 72 ( 2 ) : 205 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna , D.M. and Viraraghavan , T. 2005 . Strategies for sludge minimization in activated sludge process – a review . Fresen. Environ. Bull. , 14 ( 1 ) : 2 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saby , Sébastien , Djafer , Malik and Chen , Guang-Hao . 2002 . Feasibility of using a chlorination step to reduce excess sludge in activated sludge process . Water Res. , 36 ( 3 ) : 656 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazelipour , M. , Takdastan , A. and Jou , M.S.S. 2011 . Survey on chlorine application in sequencing batch reactor waste sludge in order to sludge minimization . Asian J. Chem. , 23 ( 7 ) : 2994 – 2998 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , G. , Sui , J. , Shen , H. , Liang , S. , He , X. , Zhang , M. , Xie , Y. , Li , L. and Hu , Y. 2011 . Reduction of excess sludge production in sequencing batch reactor through incorporation of chlorine dioxide oxidation . J. Hazard. Mater. , 192 ( 1 ) : 93 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lin, H. Yongyou, W. Guanghua, L. Wangcheng, Sludge reduction in an activated sludge sewage treatment process by lysis-cryptic growth using ClO2-ultrasonication disruption, Biochem. Eng. J. 68 (2012) 54–60.
   Google Scholar
• Kim , T.-H. , Lee , S.-R. , Nam , Y.-K. , Yang , J. , Park , C. and Lee , M. 2009 . Disintegration of excess activated sludge by hydrogen peroxide oxidation . Desalination , 246 ( 1–3 ) : 275 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Wei , Y. and Liu , Junxin . 2009 . Effect of H2O2 dosing strategy on sludge pretreatment by microwave-H2O2 advanced oxidation process . J. Hazard. Mater. , 169 ( 1–3 ) : 680 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , Y. , Chan , W.I. , Lo , I.W. , Liao , P.H. and Lo , K.V. 2010 . Sewage sludge treatment by a continuous microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process . J. Environ. Eng. Sci. Can. J. Civil Eng. , 37 ( 5 ) : 796 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho , P. and Déléris , Stéphane . 2002 . A comparative study between mechanical, thermal and oxidative disintegration technique of waste activated sludge . Water Sci. Technol. , 46 ( 10 ) : 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , W. , Liao , P. and Lo , K. 2010 . Effects of irradiation intensity and pH on nutrients release and solids destruction of waste activated sludge using the microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process . Water Environ. Res. , 82 ( 11 ) : 2229 – 2238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , E. , Camacho , P. , Sperandio , M. and Ginestet , P. 2006 . Technical and economical evaluation of a thermal, and two oxidative techniques for the reduction of excess sludge production . Process Safety Environ. Protect. , 84 ( 4 ) : 247 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Tokumura , M. , Sekine , M. , Yoshinari , M. , Znad , H.T. and Kawase , Y. 2007 . Photo–Fenton process for excess sludge disintegration . Process Biochem. , 42 ( 4 ) : 627 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , M.-H. and Wei , C.-H. 2010 . Performance of membrane bioreactor (MBR) system with sludge Fenton oxidation process for minimization of excess sludge production . J. Hazard. Mater. , 176 ( 1–3 ) : 597 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , J. , Zhang , P.-Y. , Zeng , G.-M. , Song , X.-G. , Dong , J.-H. , Zhagn , H.-Y. , Wu , Z. and Jia , X.-L. 2009 . Extracellular polymeric substances disintegration by Fenton oxidation of excess sludge . Huanjing Kexue/Environ. Sci. , 30 ( 2 ) : 475 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Tokumura , M. , Morito , R. , Shimizu , A. and Kawase , Y. 2009 . Innovative water treatment system coupled with energy production using photo–Fenton reaction . Water Sci. Technol. , 60 ( 10 ) : 2589 – 2597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokumura , M. , Katoh , H. , Katoh , T. , Znad , H.T. and Kawase , Y. 2009 . Solubilization of excess sludge in activated sludge process using the solar photo–Fenton reaction . J. Hazard. Mater. , 162 ( 2–3 ) : 1390 – 1396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prorot , A. , Julien , L. , Christophe , D. and Patrick , L. 2011 . Sludge disintegration during heat treatment at low temperature: A better understanding of involved mechanisms with a multiparametric approach . Biochem. Eng. J. , 54 ( 3 ) : 178 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , S. , Miyanaga , K. , Xing , X.-H. and Tanji , Y. 2008 . Succession of bacterial community and enzymatic activities of activated sludge by heat-treatment for reduction of excess sludge . Biochem. Eng. J. , 39 ( 3 ) : 598 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Paul, P. Camacho, D. Lefebvre, P. Ginestet, Organic matter release in low temperature thermal treatment of biological sludge for reduction of excess sludge production, Water Sci. Technol. 54(5) (2006) 59.
   Google Scholar
• J. Laurent, R. Guignard, M. Casellas, C. Dagot, Sludge minimization by thermal lysis during biological wastewater treatment: Experimental study, model set up and calibration, in: En SIMULTECH 2011 – Proceedings of First International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, 2011, pp. 360–365.
   Google Scholar
• Camacho , P. , Ginestet , P. and Audic , J.-M. 2005 . Understanding the mechanisms of thermal disintegrating treatment in the reduction of sludge production . Water Sci. Technol. , 52 ( 10–11 ) : 235 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canales , A. , Pareilleux , A. , Rols , J.L. , Goma , G. and Huyard , A. 1994 . Decreased sludge production strategy for domestic wastewater treatment . Water Sci. Technol. , 30 ( 8 ) : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do , K.-U. , Banu , R.-J. , Chung , I.-J. and Yeom , I.-T. 2009 . Effect of thermochemical sludge pretreatment on sludge reduction and on performances of anoxic–aerobic membrane bioreactor treating low strength domestic wastewater . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 84 ( 9 ) : 1350 – 1355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent , J. , Jaziri , K. , Guignard , R. , Casellas , M. and Dagot , C. 2011 . Comprehensive insight of the performances of excess sludge reduction by 90°C thermal treatment coupled with activated sludge at pilot scale: COD and N removal, bacterial populations, fate of heavy metals . Process Biochem. , 46 ( 9 ) : 1808 – 1816 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent , J. , Pierra , M. , Casellas , M. and Dagot , C. 2009 . The fate of heavy metals during thermal and ultrasound treatment of activated sludge . Environ. Protect. Eng. , 35 ( 3 ) : 5 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent , J. , Pierra , M. , Casellas , M. and Dagot , C. 2009 . Fate of cadmium in activated sludge after changing its physico-chemical properties by thermal treatment . Chemosphere , 77 ( 6 ) : 771 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takdastan , A. and Pazoki , M. 2011 . Study of biological excess sludge reduction in sequencing batch reactor by heating the reactor . Asian J. Chem. , 23 ( 1 ) : 29 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Pazoki , M. , Takdastan , A. and Jaafarzadeh , N. 2010 . Investigation of minimization of excess sludge production in sequencing batch reactor by heating some sludge . Asian J. Chem. , 22 ( 3 ) : 1751 – 1759 .
   Google Scholar
• P. Camacho, P. Ginestet, J.-C. Audic, Pilot plant demonstration of reduction technology during activated sludge treatment of wastewater, in: WEFTEC’03, Los Angeles, USA, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , A. and Dorica , J. 1999 . Reduced biomass production using acid effluent from a Kraft bleach plant . Pulp Paper Canada , 100 ( 5 ) : 30 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocher , M. , Goma , G. , Pilas Begue , A. , Louvel , L. and Rols , J.L. 1999 . Towards a reduction in excess sludge production in activated sludge processes: Biomass physicochemical treatment and biodegradation . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 51 ( 6 ) : 883 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocher , M. , Roux , G. , Goma , G. , Pilas Beget , A. , Louvel , L. and Rols , J.L. 2001 . Excess sludge reduction in activated sludge processes by integrating biomass alkaline heat treatment . Water Sci. Technol. , 44 ( 2–3 ) : 437 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , S.-H. , Shon , H.-K. and Kim , J.-H. 2010 . Minimization of excess sludge and cryptic growth of microorganisms by alkaline treatment of activated sludge . Kor. J. Chem. Eng. , 28 ( 1 ) : 164 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , R. , Miyanaga , K. , Toyama , K. , Uy , D. and Tanji , Y. 2010 . Changes in composition and microbial communities in excess sludge after heat-alkaline treatment and acclimation . Biochem. Eng. J. , 52 ( 2–3 ) : 151 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X.Q. Cao, Z.L. Zhao, W.S. Yang, Hydrolysis-acidification of excess sludge and its effect on sludge reduction in A-A/O system, at IET, 2011, pp. 142–142. Available at: http://link.aip.org/link/IEECPS/v2011/iCP590/p142/s1&Agg=doi.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , D. , Miyanaga , Kazuhiko and Tanji , Yasunori . 2011 . Surface activity of heat–alkaline treated excess sludge . Biochem. Eng. J. , 56 ( 3 ) : 241 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameotra , S. and Makkar , R. 2002 . An update on the use of unconventional substrates for biosurfactant production and their new applications . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 58 ( 4 ) : 428 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , J. , Oura , T. , Liu , D. and Kajiwara , S. 2011 . Heat-alkaline treatment of excess sludge and the potential use of hydrolysate as nitrogen source for microbial lipid production . Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chin. J. Biotechnol. , 27 ( 3 ) : 482 – 488 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J.R. McWhirter, Oxygen and Activate Sludge Process, En The Use of High-Purity Oxygen in the Activated Sludge Process. Boca Ratón, FL, CRC Press, 1978, pp. 25–62.
   Google Scholar
• Boon , A.G. and Burgess , D.R. 1974 . Treatment of crude sewage in two high rate activated sludge plants operated in series . Water Pollution Control , 73 ( 4 ) : 382 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Wunderlich , R. , Barry , J. , Greenwood , D. and Carry , C. 1985 . Start-up of a high-purity, oxygen-activated sludge system at the Los Angeles county sanitation districts’ joint water pollution control plant . J. Water Poll. Control Feder. , 57 ( 10 ) : 1012 – 1018 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbassi , B. , Dullstein , S. and Räbiger , N. 2000 . Minimization of excess sludge production by increase of oxygen concentration in activated sludge flocs; experimental and theoretical approach . Water Res. , 34 ( 1 ) : 139 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , A. and Mahmood , T. 2008 . An evaluation of maintaining elevated oxygen concentrations in activated sludge systems . J. Residuals Sci. Technol. , 5 ( 3 ) : 137 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Martins , A.M.P. , Heijnen , J.J. and van Loosdrecht , M.C.M. 2003 . Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on sludge settleability . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 62 ( 5–6 ) : 586 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadoret , A. , Conrad , A. and Block , J.-C. 2002 . Availability of low and high molecular weight substrates to extracellular enzymes in whole and dispersed activated sludges . Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 31 ( 1–2 ) : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar , N. , Singh , A. and Ward , O.P. 2001 . Enzyme treatment to reduce solids and improve settling of sewage sludge . J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 26 ( 6 ) : 383 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vavilin , V.A. , Rytov , S.V. and Lokshina , L.Y. 1996 . A description of hydrolysis kinetics in anaerobic degradation of particulate organic matter . Bioresour. Technol. , 56 ( 2–3 ) : 229 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimock , R. and Morgenroth , E. 2006 . The influence of particle size on microbial hydrolysis of protein particles in activated sludge . Water Res. , 40 ( 10 ) : 2064 – 2074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawrzynczyk , J. , Recktenwald , M. , Norrlow , O. and E.S. , Dey . 2008 . The function of cation-binding agents in the enzymatic treatment of municipal sludge . Water Res. , 42 ( 6–7 ) : 1555 – 1562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , J. , Luo , K. , Yang , Q. , Li , X.-M. , Xie , B.-X. , Yang , G.-J. and Mo , C.-R. 2011 . Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of excess sludge by surfactant . Huanjing Kexue/Environ. Sci. , 32 ( 8 ) : 2328 – 2333 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J.R. and Sim , S.J. 2004 . Optimal conditions for improving enzyme pretreatment efficiency in sludge reduction process . Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 32 ( 2 ) : 166 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , J. , Zheng , W. , Li , X. , Yang , Q. , Chen , W. and Luo , K. 2011 . Solubilization of excess sludge by thermophilic enzymes: Effect of metal ions . Huanjing Kexue Xuebao/Acta Sci. Circumstantiae , 31 ( 8 ) : 1691 – 1698 .
   Google Scholar
• R.K. Akerboom P. Lutz, H.F. Berger, Folic acid reduces the use of secondary treatment additives in treating wastewater from paper recycling, in: Environmental Conference Proceedings, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• E. Senorer, H. Barlas, Effects of folic acid on the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment, Fresen. Environ. Bull. 13(10) (2003) 1036–1039.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , Y. , Aoyagi , T. , Shiota , N. , Akashi , A. and Hasegawa , S. 2000 . Complete decomposition of biological waste sludge by thermophilic aerobic bacteria . Water Sci. Technol. , 42 ( 9 ) : 81 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota , N. , Akashi , A. and Hasegawa , S. 2002 . A strategy in wastewater treatment process for significant reduction of excess sludge production . Water Sci. Technol. , 45 ( 12 ) : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , Y.-D. , Hu , H.-Y. and Zhou , Y.-X. 2010 . Lysis of stationary-phase bacterial cells by synergistic action of lytic peptidase and glycosidase from thermophiles . Biochem. Eng. J. , 52 ( 1 ) : 44 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C.-H. , Bae , Y.-S. and Han , G.-B. 2010 . Implementation of an excess sludge reduction step in an activated sludge process . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A , 45 ( 6 ) : 709 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura , J.S. , Seo , S. , Chung , I. , Yeom , I. , Kim , H. , Oh , Y. and Jahng , D. 2011 . Enhanced reduction of excess sludge and nutrient removal in a pilot-scale A2O-MBR-TAD system . Water Sci. Technol. , 63 ( 8 ) : 1547 – 1556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai , C.L. and Rao , P.G. 2009 . Influence of sludge disintegration by high pressure homogenizer on microbial growth in sewage sludge: An approach for excess sludge reduction . Clean Technol. Environ. Policy , 11 ( 4 ) : 437 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampas , P. , Parsons , S.A. , Pearce , P. , Ledoux , S. , Vale , P. , Churchley , J. and Cartmell , E. 2007 . Mechanical sludge disintegration for the production of carbon source for biological nutrient removal . Water Res. , 41 ( 8 ) : 1734 – 1742 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp , J. , Müller , J. , Dichtl , N. and Schwedes , J. 1997 . Anaerobic digestion and dewatering characteristics of mechanically disintegrated excess sludge . Water Sci. Technol. , 36 ( 11 ) : 129 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano , A. , Akira , S. , Hiroshi , Y. , Hiroki , I. , Xu , K.-Q. and Inamori , Y. 2011 . Application of vibration milling for advanced wastewater treatment and excess sludge reduction . Water Sci. Technol. , 65 ( 1 ) : 142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer, J. Higgins, Mechanical cell lysis and recycle to reduce waste activated sludge, in: TAPPI Proceedings of the International Environmental Conference, Nashville, TN, 1999, pp. 969–987.
   Google Scholar
• Nolasco , M.A. , Campos , A.L.O. , Springer , A.M. and Pires , E.C. 2002 . Use of lysis and recycle to control excess sludge production in activated sludge treatment: Bench scale study and effect of chlorinated organic compounds . Water Sci. Technol. , 46 ( 10 ) : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho , P. , Geaugey , V. , Ginestet , P. and Paul , E. 2002 . Feasibility study of mechanically disintegrated sludge and recycle in the activated-sludge process . Water Sci. Technol. , 46 ( 10 ) : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.W. Strünkmann, J.A. Müller, F. Albert, J. Schwedes, Reduction of excess sludge production using mechanical disintegration devices, Water Sci. Technol. 54(5) (2006) 69.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Zhang , P. , Ma , B. , Hao , Wu , Zhang , S. and Xu , X. 2012 . Sewage sludge disintegration by high-pressure homogenization: A sludge disintegration model . J. Environ. Sci. , 24 ( 5 ) : 814 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxburgh, R. Sieger, B. Johnson, B. Rabinowitz, S. Goodwin, G. Crawford, G. Daigger, Sludge minimization technologies-doing more to get less, in: Water Environment Federation’s Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M.J. , Kim , T.H. , Yoo , G.Y. , Min , B.K. and Hwang , S.J. 2010 . Reduction of sewage sludge by ball mill pretreatment and Mn catalytic ozonation . KSCE, J. Civil Eng. , 14 ( 5 ) : 693 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Show , K.-Y. , Mao , T. and Lee , D.-J. 2007 . Optimisation of sludge disruption by sonication . Water Res. , 41 ( 20 ) : 4741 – 4747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. , Jin , Y.-Y. and Nie , Y.-F. 2009 . Ultrasonic sludge disintegration and its influence on sludge microbial activity . Huanjing Kexue/Environ. Sci. , 30 ( 9 ) : 2674 – 2677 .
   Google Scholar
• Xue , Y. , Ji , M. and Li , W. 2007 . Effect of ultrasonic power on waste activated sludge disintegration . Huagong Xuebao/J. Chem. Ind. Eng. (China) , 58 ( 4 ) : 1037 – 1041 .
   Google Scholar
• Huan , L. , Yiying , J. , Mahar , R.B. , Zhiyu , W. and Yongfeng , N. 2009 . Effects of ultrasonic disintegration on sludge microbial activity and dewaterability . J. Hazard. Mater. , 161 ( 2–3 ) : 1421 – 1426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi , A.R. , Mehrdadi , N. , Bidhendi , G.N. and Torabian , A. 2011 . Excess sludge reduction using ultrasonic waves in biological wastewater treatment . Desalination , 275 ( 1–3 ) : 67 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , Y. , Feng , L. , Zhang , C. , Zhu , H. and Zhou , Q. 2010 . Effect of ultrasonic specific energy on waste activated sludge solubilization and enzyme activity . Afr. J. Biotechnol. , 9 ( 12 ) : 1776 – 1782 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewil , R. , Baeyens , J. and Goutvrind , R. 2006 . Ultrasonic treatment of waste activated sludge . Environ. Prog. , 25 ( 2 ) : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• X.Q. Cao, J. Chen, Y.L. Cao, J.Y. Zhu, X.D. Hao, Experimental study on sludge reduction by ultrasound, Water Sci. Technol. 54(9) (2006) 87–93.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , G. , Zhang , P. , Yang , J. and Chen , Y. 2007 . Ultrasonic reduction of excess sludge from the activated sludge system . J. Hazard. Mater. , 145 ( 3 ) : 515 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaxelaire , S. , Gonze , E. , Merlin , G. and Gonthier , Y. 2008 . Reduction by sonication of excess sludge production in a conventional activated sludge system: Continuous flow and lab-scale reactor . Environ. Technol. , 29 ( 12 ) : 1307 – 1320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Liu, J. Liu, J. Zhao, Factors analysis on ultrasonic sludge reduction in continuous flow system, in: At Third International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, iCBBE, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , G. , Zhang , P. , Yang , J. and Liu , H. 2008 . Energy-efficient sludge sonication: Power and sludge characteristics . Bioresour. Technol. , 99 ( 18 ) : 9029 – 9031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , G. , He , J. , Zhang , P. and Zhang , J. 2009 . Ultrasonic reduction of excess sludge from activated sludge system II: Urban sewage treatment . J. Hazard. Mater. , 164 ( 2–3 ) : 1105 – 1109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , W. , Zhang , G. , Zhang , P. and Liu , H. 2008 . Waste activated sludge reduction using sonication and cryptic growth . Int. J. Biotechnol. , 10 ( 1 ) : 64 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Neis , U. , Nickel , K. and Lunden , A. 2008 . Improving anaerobic and aerobic degradation by ultrasonic disintegration of biomass . J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A , 43 ( 13 ) : 1541 – 1545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke , X. , Zhang , G. , Wan , T. and Gao , F. 2012 . Heavy-metal accumulation in low-sludge wastewater treatment technique: Sonication-cryptic growth . J. Environ. Eng. (US) , 138 ( 3 ) : 248 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , P. and Zhang , G. 2010 . Inorganics accumulation in low-sludge wastewater treatment technique: Case study of SBR with sonication . Res. J. Chem. Environ. , 14 ( 4 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• He , J. , Wan , T. , Zhang , G. and Yang , J. 2011 . Ultrasonic reduction of excess sludge from activated sludge system: Energy efficiency improvement via operation optimization . Ultrason. Sonochem. , 18 ( 1 ) : 99 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , D.-H. , Jeng , E. , Oh , S.-E. and Shin , H.S. 2010 . Combined (alkaline + ultrasonic) pretreatment effect on sewage sludge disintegration . Water Res. , 44 ( 10 ) : 3093 – 3100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Ma, S. Zhang, X. Lu, B. Xi, X. Guo, H. Wang, J. Duan, Excess sludge reduction using pilot-scale lysis-cryptic growth system integrated ultrasonic/alkaline disintegration and hydrolysis/acidogenesis pretreatment, Bioresour. Technol. 116 (2012) 441–447.
   Google Scholar
• T. Watanabe, D.-Y., Zeng, K.-J. Cho, M. Kuroda, Effective sludge solubilization treatment by simultaneous use of ultrasonic and electrochemical processes, Water Sci. Technol. 53(6) (2006) 37.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon , S.-H. , Kim , H.-S. and Lee , S. 2004 . Incorporation of ultrasonic cell disintegration into a membrane bioreactor for zero sludge production . Process Biochem. , 39 ( 12 ) : 1923 – 1929 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.-B. Liu, N. Liu, J.-H. Zhao, Y.-D. Liu, The reduction of waste sludge in SBR by ultrasonic treatment At IEEE (2011) 7271–7276.
   Google Scholar
• Hirooka , K. , Asano , R. , Yokoyama , A. , Okazaki , M. , Sakamoto , A. and Nakai , Y. 2009 . Reduction in excess sludge production in a dairy wastewater treatment plant via nozzle-cavitation treatment: Case study of an on-farm wastewater treatment plant . Bioresour. Technol. , 100 ( 12 ) : 3161 – 3166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , C. , Feng , W.C. , Chang , B.V. , Chou , C.H. and Lee , D.J. 1999 . Reduction of microbial density level in wastewater activated sludge via freezing and thawing . Water Res. , 33 ( 16 ) : 3532 – 3535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montusiewicz , A. , Lebiocka , M. , Rozej , A. , Zacharska , E. and Pawłowski , L. 2010 . Freezing/thawing effects on anaerobic digestion of mixed sewage sludge . Bioresour. Technol. , 101 ( 10 ) : 3466 – 3473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , L. , Zhou , M.Y. and Li , X.L. 2012 . Dewatering of sewage sludge using thermal compression . Appl. Mech. Mater. , 193–194 : 89 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , K. , Jiang , J.-Q. , Zhao , Q.-L. , Lee , D.-J. , Wang , K. and Qiu , Wei . 2011 . Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing: Role of curing . Water Res. , 45 ( 18 ) : 5969 – 5976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Smith, Method for the Treatment of Aqueous Wastes, Patent Number 3,591,491, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• A. Elliott, M. Paice, E. Lunan, I. Simonse, I. Dorica, J. Guerard, R. Zaloum, Pilot plant demonstration of sludge reduction technology during activated sludge treatment of BCMP/newsprint effluent, in: At International Environmental Conference, 1996, pp. 331–339.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , A. , Dorica , J. and Brousseau , Y. 1999 . Pilot scale evaluation of sludge reduction techniques at a TMP/newsprint mill: Sludge conditioning can reduce the cost of nutrients . Pulp Paper Canada , 100 ( 1 ) : 59 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E.G. Smith, J.W. Hood, Microbial Biolysis Process, Patent Number 3,718,582, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Ginestet , P. 2007 . Comparative Evaluation of Sludge Reduction Routes , European commission : IWA Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , I.-S. , Prathap , P. , Alder , J.M. and Rittmann , B.E. 2010 . Feasibility of focused-pulsed treated waste activated sludge as a supplemental electron donor for denitrification . Water Environ. Res. , 82 ( 12 ) : 2316 – 2324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar