109
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Comparison of backwashing with conventional cleaning methods in slow sand filters for small-scale communities

, , &
Pages 1-7 | Received 03 Jul 2013, Accepted 18 Dec 2013, Published online: 06 Jan 2014

References

  • World Water Assessment Programme, The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World, UNESCO, Paris e Londres, 2009.
  • IBGE, Acesso ao sistema de abastecimento de água - área urbana e rural (Access to water supply system — urban and rural, Pesqui. Nac. Por Amostra Domocílios, (2010).
  • G.S. Logsdon, R. Kohne, S. Abel, S. Labonde, Slow sand filtration for small water systems, J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1 (2002) 339–348.
  • R.L. Medina, N.S.P. Duarte, Uso de filtros lentos para el tratamiento de agua a nivel domiciliario (Using slow filters for the treatment of household water), Ing. Hidráuica y Ambient XXIII (2002) 44–49.
  • N.A. Murtha, L. Heller, M. Libânio, A filtração lenta em areia como alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento de águas de abastecimento no Brasil (The slow sand filtration as an alternative technology for the treatment of water supplies in Brazil), in: ABES—Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Foz do Iguaçu, 1997, pp. 1542–1556.
  • L. Huisman, W.E. Wood, Slow Sand Filtration, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1974.
  • J. Haarhoff, J.L. Cleasby, Biological and physical mechanisms in slow sand filtration, in: G.S. Logsdon (Ed.), Slow Sand Filtration, 1st ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1991, pp. 19–78.
  • J.L. Cleasby, Source water quality and pretreatment options for slow sand filters, in: G.S. Logsdon (Ed.), Slow Sand Filtration, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1991, pp. 69–100.
  • J.T. Visscher, Slow sand filtration: Design, operation, and maintenance, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 82 (1990) 67–71.
  • T.R. Cullen, D. Letterman, The effect of slow sand filter maintenance on water quality, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 77 (1985) 48–55.
  • M.R. Collins, T.T. Eighmy, P.J. Malley Jr, Evaluating modifications to slow sand filters, J. Am. Water Work. Assoc. 83 (1991) 62–70.
  • C. Marrón, Slow sand filtration water treatment plants — design, operation and maintenance, 1st ed., Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development, Warwickshire, 1999.
  • L. Di Bernardo, L.P. Sabogal Paz, Seleção de tecnologias de tratamento de água [Selection of Water Treatment Technologies], vol. 1, LBiBe, São Carlos, 2008.
  • C.F. Ferraz, Paterniani, Eficiência da filtração lenta em areia e manta não tecida no tratamento de águas de abastecimento para pequenas comunidades (Efficiency of slow sand filtration and nonwoven blanket for the treatment of drinking water for small communities), in: An. ABES—Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Porto Alegre, 2000, pp. 1–10.
  • A.J. Rachwal, M.J. Bauer, J.T. West, Advanced techniques for upgrading large scale slow sand filters, in: N.J.D. Graham (Ed.), Slow Sand Filtration: Recent Developments in Water Treatment Technology, 1st ed., Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, 1988, pp. 331–347.
  • R. Davison, M.J. Bauer, Slow sand filters, US Patent 4,911,831 (March 27, 325 1990), http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4911831.pdf.
  • J. Back, Robotic cleaning of slow sand filters improves filter quality, in: R. Gimbel, N.J. Graham, M.R. Collins (Eds.), Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, 1st ed., IWA Publishing, Londres, 2007, pp. 240–246.
  • P. Evans, Nature works biological treatment methods yield high-quality water, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 36 (2010) 12–15.
  • D.W. Hendricks, Fundamental of water treatment unit process: Physical, chemical, and biological, 1st ed., CRC Press, New York, NY, 2011.
  • CISAM/AMVAP, Manual de Saneamento Rural [Manual of rural sanitation], Associação dos municípios da microregião do vale do Parnaíba, Uberlâandia, 2006.
  • A.R. Keshavarzi, M. Sharifzadeh, A.A. Kamgar Haghighi, S. Amin, S. Keshtkar, A. Bamdad, Rural domestic water consumption behavior: A case study in Ramjerd area, Fars province, I.R. Iran, Water Res. 40 (2006) 1173–1178.
  • N.A. Murtha, L. Heller, Avaliação da influência de parâmetros de projeto e das características da água bruta no comportamento de filtros lentos de areia (Evaluation of the influence of process parameters and raw water characteristics on the performance of slow sand filtration), Eng. Sanitária e Ambient. 8 (2003) 257–267.
  • L.L.A. Brito, A.B. Cardoso, D.P. Salvador, L. Heller, Amadurecimento de filtros lentos de areia e remoção de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade da água ao longo da profundidade do leito: uma avaliação em instalação piloto (Maturation of slow sand filters and removal of microorganisms’ indicators of water quality along the media depth: An evaluation in pilot plant), Eng. Sanitária e Ambient. 10 (2005) 307–317.
  • G. Amy, K. Carlson, M.R. Collins, J. Drewes, S. Gruenheid, M. Jekel, Integrated comparacion of biofiltration in engineered vs. natural systems, in: R. Gimbel, N.J.D. Graham, M.R. Collins (Eds.), Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, 1st ed., IWA Publishing, Londres, 2006, pp. 3–11.
  • W.D. Bellamy, D.W. Hendricks, G.S. Logsdon, Slow sand filtration: Influences of selected process variables, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 20 (1985) 62–66.
  • Y.J. Dullemont, J.F. Schijven, W.A.M. Hijnen, M. Colin, A. Magic-Knezev, W.A. Oorthuizen, Removal of microorganisms by slow sand filtration, in: R. Gimbel, N.J.D. Graham, M.R. Collins (Eds.), Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, 1st ed., IWA Publishing, London, 2006, pp. 12–20.
  • K.V. Ellis, M.E. Aydin, Penetration of solids and biological activity into slow sand filters, Water Res. 29 (1995) 1333–1341.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.