Natural radioactivity levels in commercialized bottled drinking water and their radiological quality assessment

References

• N.D. Chau, M. Dulinski, P. Jodlowski, J. Nowak, K. Rozanski, M. Sleziak, P. Wachniew, Natural radioactivity in groundwater—A review, Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 47(4) (2011) 415–437.10.1080/10256016.2011.628123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, with Annexes, United Nations, New York, NY, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• M. Rožmarić, M. Rogić, L. Benedik, M. Štrok, Natural radionuclides in bottled drinking waters produced in Croatia and their contribution to radiation dose, Sci. Total Environ. 437 (2012) 53–60.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes, United Nations, New York, NY, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• T. Alrefae, Investigation of 238U content in bottled water consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses, Health Phys. 102(1) (2012) 85–89.10.1097/HP.0b013e31822959de
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.M. Ismail, M.K. Kullab, S.A. Saq’an, Natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water in Jordan and their committed effective doses, Jordan J. Phys. 2(1) (2009) 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (U.S. Energy Protection Agency), Radiation Protection. Available from: <http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radium.html>, accessed 12 October, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• M.M. Janković, D.J. Todorović, N.A. Todorović, J. Nikolov, Natural radionuclides in drinking waters in Serbia, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 70 (2012) 2703–2710.10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.K. Ahmed, Natural radioactivity of ground water in some areas of upper Egypt, Turkish J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 28 (2004) 345–354.
   Google Scholar
• G. Wallner, T. Jabbar, Natural radionuclides in Austrian bottled mineral waters, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 286 (2010) 329–334.10.1007/s10967-010-0751-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A South Jersey Homeowner’s Guide to Radioactivity in Drinking Water: Radium, New Jersy Department of Environmental Protection. Available from: <http://www.state.nj.us/dep/rpp/radwater.htm>, accessed in 12 October, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• O.S. Ajayi, J. Achuka, Radioactivity in drilled and dug well drinking water of Ogun state Southwestern Nigeria and consequent dose estimates, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 135(1) (2009) 54–63.10.1093/rpd/ncp095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mehdizadeh, R. Faghihi, S. Sina, S. Derakhshan, Measurements of natural radioactivity concentration in drinking water samples of Shiraz city and springs of the Fars province, Iran, and dose estimation, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 157(1) (2013) 112–119.10.1093/rpd/nct114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization), Radiological Examination of Drinking Water, WHO, Copenhagen, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• R.M. Lydie, O.K. Hakam, A. Choukri, The annual intake and the annual effective dose due to 226Ra and 228Ra in drinking water in Yaounde area, Cameroon Global J. Environ. Res. 5(2) (2011) 65–69.
   Google Scholar
• U. Cevik, N. Damla, G. Karahan, N. Celebi, A.I. Kobya, Natural radioactivity in tap waters of Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 118 (2006) 88–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.A.R. Iyengar, The Natural Distribution of Radium. The Environmental Behavior of Radium, Technical Reports Series No. 310 (IAEA), 1, 1990, pp. 9–128.
   Google Scholar
• L. Benedik, Z. Jeran, Radiological of natural and mineral drinking waters in Slovenia, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 151(2) (2012) 306–313.10.1093/rpd/ncs009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Vasile, L. Benedik, T. Altzitzoglou, Y. Spasova, U. Wätjen, R. González de Orduña, M. Hult, M. Beyermann, I. Mihalcea, 226Ra and 228Ra determination in mineral waters–Comparison of methods, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 68 (2010) 1236–1239.10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.S. Sidhu, M.S. Breithart, Naturally occurring radium-226 and radium-228 in water supplies of Michigan, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61 (1998) 722–729.10.1007/s001289900821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radium in Drinking Water, Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, Fact Sheet, 2008. Available from: <http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/radium.htm>, accessed in 10 October, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• M.E. Wrenn, P.W. Durbin, B. Howard, J. Lipsztein, J. Rundo, E.T. Still, D.I. Willis, Metabolism of ingested U and Ra, Health Phys. 48 (1985) 601–633.10.1097/00004032-198505000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radium and your Drinking Water–A Homeowner’s Guide. Maryland Department of the Environment. Available from: <http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Water/Water_Supply/Pages/programs/waterprograms/water_supply/radium.aspx>, accessed in 18 October, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• WHO (World Health Organisation), Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, fourth ed., WHO, Geneva, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• A. Ben Fredj, N. Hizem, M. Chelbi, L. Ghedira, Quantitative analysis of gamma-ray emitters radioisotopes in commercialised bottled water in Tunisia, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 117 (2005) 419–424.10.1093/rpd/nci315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ushko, C.N. Dinh, Radioactivity and chemical compositions of some selected commercial bottled waters in Belarus, Int. J. of Nuclear Energy Sci. Eng. 4(1) (2014) 1–8.10.14355/ijnese.2014.0401.01
   Google Scholar
• N.D. Chau, B. Michalec, Natural radioactivity in bottled natural spring, mineral and therapeutic waters in Poland, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 279(1) (2009) 121–129.10.1007/s10967-007-7276-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Beyermann, T. Bunger, Ra-226 and Ra-228 in bottled mineral waters in Germany, International Conference on Isotopic and Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Health and Environment, 10–13 June 2003, Vienna, Austria. A book of abstracts. IAEA-CN-103/054P, p. 101.
   Google Scholar
• J.D. Joksic, M.B. Radenkovic, S. Miljanic, Natural radioactivity of some spring and bottled mineral waters from several central Balkan sites, as a way of their characterization, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 72(6) (2007) 621–628.10.2298/JSC0706621J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.M. Ndontchueng, A. Simo, E.J.M. Nguelem, J.F. Beyala, D. Kryeziu, Preliminary Study of natural radioactivity and radiological risk assessment in some mineral bottled water produced in Cameroon, Int. J. Sci. Technol. 3(5) (2013) 271–276.
   Google Scholar
• J.M. Godoy, E.C. da S. Amaral, M.L.D.P. Godoy, Natural radionuclides in Brazilian mineral water and consequent doses to the population, J. Environ. Radioact. 53 (2001) 175–182.10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00123-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Fatima, J.H. Zaidi, M. Arif1, S.N.A. Tahir, Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 123(2) (2007) 234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Recommendation, second ed., vol. 1, WHO, Geneva, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Health criteria and other supporting information, second ed., Addendum to vol. 2, WHO, Geneva, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, WHO, Geneva, 2004.  Available from: <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/>.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York, NY, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• IBWA (International Bottled Association), Code of Practice, IBWA, Alexandria, VA, Revised March, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration Agency, Standards of Quality for Bottled Water 21 CFR 103.35 FDA, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Office of Water, Setting Standards for Safe Drinking Water, Revised June 9, US EPA, Washington, DC, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Measurement of Radiation in Food and the Environment, Guidebook, Technical Report Series No. 295, IAEA, Vienna, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• EC (European Commission), Council directive of 15 July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption, Off. J. Euro. Commun. L. 229 (30 August 1980) 11–29.
   Google Scholar
• EC, Council directive 98/83/ EC of 3 November, The quality of water intended for human consumption, Off. J. Euro. Commun. L. 330 ( 5 December 1998) 32–54.
   Google Scholar
• EC, Commission recommendation of 20 December on the protection of the public against exposure to radon in drinking water supplies. 2001/928/EURATOM, Off. J. Euro. Commun. L. 344 ( 28 December) 2001 85–88.
   Google Scholar
• M.N. Alam, M.I. Chowdhury, M. Kamal, S. Ghose, M.N. Islam, M. Anwar uddin, Radiological assessment of drinking water of the Chittagong region of Bangladesh, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 82(3) (1999) 207–214.10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, 2012. Available from: <http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/D_0210.htm>, accessed 10 November 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Newgeography. Evolving Urban form: Dhaka. Available from: <http://www.newgeography.com/content/003004-evolving-urban-form-dhaka>, accessed 5 October 2014.
   Google Scholar
• A.M. Arabi, N.K. Ahmed, K. Salahel Din, Natural radionuclides and dose estimation in natural water resources from Elba protective area, Egypt, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 121(3) (2006) 284–292.10.1093/rpd/ncl022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Ghose, Kh. Asaduzzaman, N. Zaman, Radiological significance of marble used for construction of dwellings in Bangladesh, Radioprotection 47(1) (2012) 105–118.10.1051/radiopro/2011158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kh Asaduzzaman, M.U. Khandaker, Y.M. Amin, D.A. Bradley, R.H. Mahat, R.M. Nor, Soil-to-root vegetable transfer factors for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 88Y in Malaysia, J. Eenviron. Radioact. 135 (2014) 120–127.10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Malain, P.H. Regan, D.A. Bradley, M. Matthews, H.A. Al-Sulaiti, T. Santawamaitre, An evaluation of the natural radioactivity in Andaman beach sand samples of Thailand after the, tsunami, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 70(2012) (2004) 1467–1474.
   Google Scholar
• K. Asaduzzaman, M.U. Khandaker, Y.M. Amin, R. Mahat, Uptake and distribution of natural radioactivity in rice from soil in north and west part of Peninsular Malaysia for the estimation of ingestion dose to man, Ann. Nucl. Energy 76 (2015) 85–93.10.1016/j.anucene.2014.09.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Szabo, V. DePaul, Radium-226 and Radium-228 in shallow ground water, Southern New Jersey, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Fact Sheet FS-062-98, June 1998. Available from: <http://nj.usgs.gov/publications/FS/fs-062-98.pdf>.
   Google Scholar
• A.R. Awudu, A. Faanu, E.O. Darko, G. Emi-Reynolds, O.K. Adukpo, D.O. Kpeglo, F. Otoo, H. Lawluvi, R. Kpodzro, I.D. Ali, M.K. Obeng, B. Agyeman, Preliminary studies on 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 40K concentrations in foodstuffs consumed by inhabitants of Accra metropolitan area, Ghana, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 291 (2012) 635–641.10.1007/s10967-011-1444-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, interim edition. IAEA Safety standards. General Safety Requirements Part 3, No. GSR Part 3 (Interim), STI/PUB/1531, (2011) 190 –319.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Energy Protection Agency), Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides, Federal Guidance Report No. 13, EPA 402-R-99-001 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• A.C. Patra, S. Mohapatra, S.K. Sahoo, P. Lenka, J.S. Dubey, R.M. Tripathi, V.D. Puranik, Age-dependent dose and health risk due to intake of uranium in drinking water from Jaduguda, India, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 3 (2013) 1–7. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Advance Access published March 22, 2013.
   Google Scholar