Old notion–new relevance: setting the stage for the use of social capital resource in adapting East African coastal cities to climate change

References

• Adger, N.W., 2000. Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?, Progress in human geography 24 (3) (2000), pp. 347–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, N.W., 2001. Social capital and climate change. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia; 2001, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research working paper no. 8.
   Google Scholar
• Adger, N.W., 2003. Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change, Economic geography 79 (4) (2003), pp. 387–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W.N., 2006. Vulnerability, Global environmental change 16 (2006), pp. 268–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, N.W., et al., 2007. "Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity". In: Parry, M.L., et al., eds. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 717–713, Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, K., 2006. Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: local capacity building in the Philippines, Disaster Journal 30 (1) (2006), pp. 81–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awour, C.B., Orindi, V.O., and Adwera, A.O., 2008. Climate change and coastal cities: the case of Mombasa, Kenya, Environment and urbanization 20 (1) (2008), pp. 231–242.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattarai, M, and Haming, M., 2001. Institution and the environmental Kurnets curve for deforestation: a cross country analysis for Latin America, Africa Asia, World Development 29 (2001), pp. 995–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J., 1990. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Dodman, D., Ayers, J., and Huq, S., 2009a. "Building resilience in 2009". In: State of the world: into a warming world. Washington, DC: The Worldwatch Institute; 2009a, Ch. 5.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2011 Last accessed 20Sep2009. , Dodman, D., Kibona, E., and Kiluma, L., 2009b. Tomorrow is too late: responding to social and climate vulnerability in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Case study prepared for cities and climate change: global reports on human settlements 2011..
   Google Scholar
• Dossou, K.M.R., and Dossou, B.G., 2007. The vulnerability of climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level, Environment and urbanization 19 (2007), p. 65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maziwa Island off Pangani (Tanzania): history of its destruction and possible causes. Patent number Regional sea reports and studies no. 139, UNEP, 88. 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, J., 2008. Emerging trends in climate change policy: the role of adaptation, International public policy review 3 (2008), pp. 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F., 2001. Social capital, civic society and development, Third world quarterly 22 (1) (2001), pp. 7–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, M.T., 2009. Resilience: what is it and what does it mean for marine policymakers, Marine policy 33 (2009), pp. 322–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D., et al., 1998. Coastal hazard mitigation: public notification, expenditure, limitation and hazard areas acquisition. Capital Hill, NC: Centre for Urban and Regional studies; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Grootaert, C., 2001. "Social capital: the missing link?". In: Dekker, P., and Uslaner, M., eds. Social capital and participation in everyday life. London: Routledge; 2001. p. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Hulme, M., et al., 2001. African climate change: 1900–2100, Climate research 17 (2001), pp. 145–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huq, S., et al., 2007. Editorial: reducing risks to cities from disasters and climate change, Environment and urbanization 19 (1) (2007), pp. 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibe, A.C., and Awoski, L.F., 1991. "Sea-level rise impact in African coastal zones". In: Omide, S.H., and Juma, C., eds. A change in the weather: African perspective on climate change. Nairobi, Kenya: ACTS; 1991. pp. 105–112.
   Google Scholar
• [IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, , 2001. Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• 2005. Keiner, M., Koll-Schretzenmayr, M., and Schmid, W.A., eds. Managing urban future: sustainability and urban growth in developing countries. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Company; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/doc/Facts%20&%20figures%202007.pdf/$file/Facts%20&%20figures%202007.pdf, [KNBS] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2007. Update on tourism statistics [online]..
   Google Scholar
• http://www.sudnet.org/mediapool/65/651506/data/CC_and_cities-Mombasa.doc Last accessed 27Jun2008. , Kenya Television Network News, May 2007. In: C.B Awour, V.A. Orindi, and A. Adwerah, Climate change and coastal cities: the case of Mombasa, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7385315.stm Last accessed 24Jun2008. , Kliver, M., 2008. Mangrove loss ‘Put Burma at risk’ [online]. BBC news..
   Google Scholar
• 2005. Lim, B., ed. Adaptation policy and frameworks for climate change: developing strategies, policies and measures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• MacClanahan, T.R., 2007. Achieving sustainability in East Africa coral reefs, Journal of the marine science and the environment C5 (2007), pp. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Mahongo, S., 2006. Impacts of sea level change. Presented at A paper presented at the ODIAAFRICA/GLOSS training workshop on sea-level measurement and interpretation. Oostende, Belgium, .
   Google Scholar
• Marcotullio, P.J., Rothenberg, S., and Nakahara, M., 2005. "Globalisation and urban environmental transitions". In: Richardson, H.W., and Bae, C.-H.C., eds. Globalization and urban development: advances in spatial science. Berlin: Springer; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• McGranahan, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B., 2007. The rising tide: assessment of the risk of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones, Environment and urbanization 19 (2007), p. 17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz, O., et al., 2009. Adaptation to climate change in developing countries. Special feature, Environmental management 43 (2009), pp. 743–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, G., and Mohan, J., 2002. Placing social capital, Progress in human geography 26 (2) (2002), pp. 191–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, S.C., 2006. Talk of the city: engaging urbanites on climate change, Environmental research letters 1 (2006), p. 10.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.safarilands.org/docs/ministry_tourism_tz_budget_09-10.pdf Last accessed 02Aug2009. , Mwangunga, S., 2009. Hotuba ya waziri wa Maliasili na Utalii wakati akiwasilisha bungeni makadirio ya matumizi ya fedha Mwaka, October 2009 [online].
   Google Scholar
• Narayan, D., 1999. Bonds and bridges: social capital and poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1999, World bank policy research working paper 2167.
   Google Scholar
• http://allafrica.com/stories/200806170166.html Last accessed 17Jun2008. , Nation News, June 2008. Man dies as heavy rain pounds coast [online]. Nationmedia..
   Google Scholar
• Status of coral reefs in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. Patent number Status of coral reefs of the World: 2002, Ch. 4. GCRM report. 2002, InC.R. Wilkinson, ed.Australian report of Marine science, Townsville63–78.
   Google Scholar
• 2007. "International panel on climate change 2007; climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability". In: Parry, M.L., et al., eds. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the international panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007. pp. 433–467.
   Google Scholar
• Patwardhan, A., 2006. Assessing vulnerability to climate change: the link between objectives and assessment, Current science 90 (3) (2006), pp. 376–383.
   Google Scholar
• Pelling, M., and High, C., 2005a. Understanding adaptation: what can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity, Global environmental change 15 (2005a), pp. 308–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelling, M., and High, C., 2005b. Social learning and adaptation to climate change. (2005b), Benfield Hazard Research Centre, Disaster studies paper 11.
   Google Scholar
• 2003. Pittock, B., ed. Climate change: an Australian guide to the science and potential impacts. Canberra: Australian Greenhouse Office; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R.D., 1995. Turning in, turning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America, Political science and politics 28 (1995), pp. 667–683.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R.D., 2000. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Pretty, J., 2003. Social capital and connectedness: Issues and implications for Agriculture, rural development and natural resource management in ACP countries. (2003), Review paper for CTA. CTA working document Number 8032.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya, , 2002. Ministry of Planning and National Development Mombasa District Development Plan. Nairobi: The Government Printer; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Revi, A., 2008. Climate change risks: a mitigation and adaptation agenda for Indian cities, Environment and urbanization 20 (1) (2008), pp. 207–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salick, J., and Byg, A., 2007. Indigenous people and climate change. Oxford: University of Oxford and Missouri Botanical Garden; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Sallema, R.E., and Mtui, G.Y.S., 2008. Review. Adaptation technologies and legal instruments to address climate change impacts to coastal and marine resources in Tanzania, African journal of science and technology 2 (9) (2008), pp. 239–248.
   Google Scholar
• Sarewitz, D., Pielke, R., and Keykhah, M., 2003. Vulnerability and risks: some thoughts from political and policy perspectives, Risk analysis 23 (4) (2003), pp. 805–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, M., et al., 2001. "Human settlements: energy and industry". In: Climate change impacts 2001. Impacts adaptation and vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001. pp. 381–416, Ch. 7. Contribution of working Group II to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
   Google Scholar
• Siambalala, B.M., 2006. The concept of resilience revisited, Disasters 3 (2006), pp. 433–450.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, B., and Wandel, J., 2006. Adaptation, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability, Global environmental change 16 (2006), pp. 282–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomalla, F., et al., 2006. Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation, Disasters 30 (1) (2006), pp. 39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, , 2006. Research strategy 2006–2009. Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP/DGIC/URT/UDSM, , 2002. Eastern Africa atlas of coastal resources. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Programme; 2002. p. 111, ISBN 92 807 20619.
   Google Scholar
• [UN Habitat] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, , 2008. The state of African cities. Nairobi: UN Habitat; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• [UN ICCPR] United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, , 1966. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1966), The United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania, , 2004. Dar es Salaam city profile. Kobe, Japan: WHO centre for development; 2004, A document prepared by Dar es salaam City Council with advice from Cities for Health programme.
   Google Scholar
• [VPO] Vice President's Office Report, , 2003. Initial national communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2003), p. 141.
   Google Scholar
• Weru, J., 2004. Community federations and city upgrading: the work of Pamoja Trust and Muungano in Kenya, Environment and urbanization 16 (1) (2004), pp. 47–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar