Study of thermal, flammability and mechanical properties of intumescent flame retardant PP/kenaf nanocomposites

References

• S. Kalia, B. Kaith, and I. Kaur, Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review, Polymer Eng. Sci. 49 (7) (2009), pp. 1253–1272. doi:10.1002/pen.v49:7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.P.G. Suardana, M.S. Ku, and J.K. Lim, Effects of diammonium phosphate on the flammability and mechanical properties of bio-composites, Mater. Des. 32 (4) (2011), pp. 1990–1999. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Wittek and T. Tanimoto, Mechanical properties and fire retardancy of bidirectional reinforced composite based on biodegradable starch resin and basalt fibres, Express Polym. Lett. 2 (11) (2008), pp. 810–822. doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Tajvidi, R.H. Falk, and J.C. Hermanson, Effect of natural fibers on thermal and mechanical properties of natural fiber polypropylene composites studied by dynamic mechanical analysis, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 101 (6) (2006), pp. 4341–4349. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Niu, B. Liu, X. Wei, X. Wang, and J. Yang, Study on mechanical properties and thermal stability of polypropylene/hemp fiber composites, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30 (1) (2011), pp. 36–44. doi:10.1177/0731684410383067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T.D. Hapuarachchi and T. Peijs, Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclays as flame retardants for polylactide and its natural fibre reinforced composites, Compos. Part. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 41 (8) (2010), pp. 954–963. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Schartel, U. Braun, U. Schwarz, and S. Reinemann, Fire retardancy of polypropylene/flax blends, Polymer 44 (20) (2003), pp. 6241–6250. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00692-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Subasinghe and D. Bhattacharyya, Performance of different intumescent ammonium polyphosphate flame retardants in PP/kenaf fibre composites, Compos. Part. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf 65 (2014), pp. 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Du, Z. Guo, P. Song, H. Liu, Z. Fang, and Y. Wu, Flame retardant mechanism of organo-bentonite in polypropylene, Appl. Clay Sci. 45 (3) (2009), pp. 178–184. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2009.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Li and M. Xu, Effect of a novel charring–foaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91 (6) (2006), pp. 1380–1386. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.A. Isitman, M. Dogan, E. Bayramli, and C. Kaynak, Fire retardant properties of intumescent polypropylene composites filled with calcium carbonate, Polymer Eng. Sci. 51 (5) (2011), pp. 875–883. doi:10.1002/pen.v51.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Vuillequez, M. Lebrun, R.M. Ion, and B. Youssef, Effect of phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant on structure and properties of poly(propylene), Macromol. Symp. 290 (1) (2010), pp. 146–155. doi:10.1002/masy.v290:1
   Google Scholar
• X. Lai, X. Zeng, H. Li, F. Liao, C. Yin, and H. Zhang, Synergistic effect of phosphorus-containing montmorillonite with intumescent flame retardant in polypropylene, J. Macromol. Sci. B. 51 (6) (2012), pp. 1186–1198. doi:10.1080/00222348.2011.625909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.S. Venkatesh, A. Deb, A. Karmarkar, and S.S. Chauhan, Effect of nanoclay content and compatibilizer on viscoelastic properties of montmorillonite/polypropylene nanocomposites, Mater. Des. 37 (2012), pp. 285–291. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.12.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.F. Zhu, J. Li, L. Xu, K. Tao, L.X. Xue, and X.Y. Fan, Synergistic effect between montmorillonite intercalated by melamine and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) on Polypropylene, Adv. Mat. Res. 295–297 (2011), 315–318.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Zhao, J. Gou, S. Bietto, C. Ibeh, and D. Hui, Fire retardancy of clay/carbon nanofiber hybrid sheet in fiber reinforced polymer composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 69 (13) (2009), pp. 2081–2087. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Lu and C.A. Wilkie, Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with improved flame retardancy, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (12) (2010), pp. 2388–2395. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Du and Z. Fang, Effects of carbon nanotubes on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96 (10) (2011), pp. 1725–1731. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Demir, E. Arkiş, D. Balköse, and S. Ülkü, Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 89 (3) (2005), pp. 478–483. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.E. Mngomezulu, M.J. John, V. Jacobs, and A.S. Luyt, Review on flammability of biofibres and biocomposites, Carbohydr. Polym. 111 (2014), pp. 149–182. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Lecouvet, M. Sclavons, C. Bailly, and S. Bourbigot, A comprehensive study of the synergistic flame retardant mechanisms of halloysite in intumescent polypropylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98 (2013), pp. 2268–2281. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kord, Effect of nanoparticles loading on properties of polymeric composite based on hemp fiber/polypropylene, J. Thermoplastic Composite Mater. 25 (7) (2012), pp. 793–806. doi:10.1177/0892705711412815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Biswal, S. Mohanty, and S.K. Nayak, Thermal stability and flammability of banana-fiber-reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 125 (SUPPL. S2) (2012), pp. E432–E443. doi:10.1002/app.35246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Tang, Y. Hu, B. Li, L. Liu, Z. Wang, Z. Chen, et al., Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites and intumescent, flame-retardant montmorillonite synergism in polypropylene nanocomposites, J. Polymer Sci. . A: Polymer Chem. 42 (23) (2004), pp. 6163–6173. doi:10.1002/pola.20432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Liu, J.S. Wang, C.L. Deng, D.Y. Wang, Y.P. Song, and Y.Z. Wang, The synergistic flame-retardant effect of O-MMT on the intumescent flame-retardant PP/CA/APP systems, Polym. Adv. Technol. 21 (11) (2010), pp. 789–796. doi:10.1002/pat.1502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Khanjanzadeh, T. Tabarsa, and A. Shakeri, Morphology, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene-wood flour composites with and without nanoclay, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 31 (5) (2012), pp. 341–350. doi:10.1177/0731684412438793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.S. Ezat, A.L. Kelly, S.C. Mitchell, M. Youseffi, and P.D. Coates, Effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene compatibilizer on the morphology and properties of polypropylene/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite, Polymer Compos. 33 (8) (2012), pp. 1376–1386. doi:10.1002/pc.22264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Rooj, A. Das, V. Thakur, R.N. Mahaling, A.K. Bhowmick, and G. Heinrich, Preparation and properties of natural nanocomposites based on natural rubber and naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes, Mater. Des. 31 (4) (2010), pp. 2151–2156. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.M. Lvov, D.G. Shchukin, H. Mohwald, and R.R. Price, Halloysite clay nanotubes for controlled release of protective agents, Acs Nano 2 (5) (2008), pp. 814–820. doi:10.1021/nn800259q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Lin, H. Yan, B. Liu, L. Wei, and B. Xu, The influence of KH-550 on properties of ammonium polyphosphate and polypropylene flame retardant composites, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96 (7) (2011), pp. 1382–1388. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Fina, F. Cuttica, and G. Camino, Ignition of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97 (12) (2012), pp. 2619–2626. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Lewin, Reflections on migration of clay and structural changes in nanocomposites, Polym. Adv. Technol. 17 (9–10) (2006), pp. 758–763. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, S. Duquesne, and M. Rochery, Recent advances for intumescent polymers, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289 (6) (2004), pp. 499–511. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1439-2054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bourbigot and S. Duquesne, Fire retardant polymers: Recent developments and opportunities, J. Mater. Chem. 17 (22) (2007), pp. 2283–2300. doi:10.1039/b702511d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Lecouvet, M. Sclavons, S. Bourbigot, J. Devaux, and C. Bailly, Water-assisted extrusion as a novel processing route to prepare polypropylene/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites: Structure and properties, Polymer 52 (19) (2011), pp. 4284–4295. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.M. Taib, N.M.A. Khairuddin, M. Ishak, and Z. Arifin, The influence of alkalitreatment and compatibilizer addition on the tensile properties and water absorption behavior of polypropylene/kenaf fiber composites, Advanced Mater. Res. 626 (2013), pp. 449–453. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.449
   Google Scholar
• L. Shumao, R. Jie, Y. Hua, Y. Tao, and Y. Weizhong, Influence of ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ramie fiber-reinforced poly (lactic acid) biocomposites, Polym. Int. 59 (2) (2010), pp. 242–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-Y. Fu, X.-Q. Feng, B. Lauke, and Y.-W. Mai, Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites, Compos. Part. B: Eng. 39 (6) (2008), pp. 933–961. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Szustakiewicz, B. Cichy, M. Gazińska, and J. Pigłowski, Comparative study on flame, thermal, and mechanical properties of HDPE/clay nanocomposites with MPP or APP, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 32 (14) (2013), pp. 1005–1017. doi:10.1177/0731684413481508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F.Z. Arrakhiz, K. Benmoussa, R. Bouhfid, and A. Qaiss, Pine cone fiber/clay hybrid composite: Mechanical and thermal properties, Mater. Des. 50 (2013), pp. 376–381. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Wang, J. Wu, L. Ye, and H. Zeng, Mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms of polypropylene/barium sulfate composites, Compos. Part. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 34 (12) (2003), pp. 1199–1205. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Ismail, A. Hassan, A.A. Bakar, and M. Jawaid, Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of kenaf filled polypropylene (PP) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Sains Malaysiana 42 (4) (2013), pp. 429–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Chanprapanon, N. Suppakarn, and K. Jarukumjorn, Flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of sisal fiber/organoclay/polypropylene composites, Advanced Mater. Res. 410 (2011), pp. 47–50. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.410
   Google Scholar
• J. Jordan, K.I. Jacob, R. Tannenbaum, M.A. Sharaf, and I. Jasiuk, Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites—A review, ‎Mater. Sci. Eng. 393 (1–2) (2005), pp. 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.044
   Google Scholar
• S. Ochi, Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf/PLA composites, Mech. Mater. 40 (4–5) (2008), pp. 446–452. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Aloui, J. Soulestin, M.F. Lacrampe, P. Krawczak, D. Rousseaux, J. Marchand-Brynaert, et al., A new elaboration concept of polypropylene/unmodified Montmorillonite nanocomposites by reactive extrusion based on direct injection of polypropylene aqueous suspensions, Polymer Eng. Sci. 49 (11) (2009), pp. 2276–2285. doi:10.1002/pen.21474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar