Temporal and spatial distributions of landslides in the Qinba Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China

References

• Blender R, Fraedrich K, Sienz F. 2008. Extreme event return times in long-term memory processes near 1/f. Nonlin Process Geophys. 15(4):557–565.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks SM, Crozier MJ, Glade TW, Anderson MG. 2004. Towards establishing climatic thresholds for slope instability: use of a physically based combined soil hydrology-slope stability model. Pure and Applied Geophys. 161(4):881–905.
   Google Scholar
• Cai X, Wu Z, Cheng J. 2013. Using kernel density estimation to assess the spatial pattern of road density and its impact on landscape fragmentation. Int J Geogr Information Sci. 27(2):222–230.
   Google Scholar
• Caine N. 1980. The rainfall intensity–duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows. Geogr Ann. Ser A: Phys Geogr. 62(1–2):23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon SH, Gartner JE, Wilson RC, Bowers JC, Laber JL. 2008. Storm rainfall conditions for floods and debris flows from recently burned areas in southwestern Colorado and southern California. Geomorphology. 96(3–4):250–269.
   Google Scholar
• Carrara A, Cardinali M, Detti R, Guzzetti F, Pasqui V, Reichenbach P. 1991. GIS techniques and statistical models in evaluating landslide hazard. Earth Surf Process Landforms. 16(5):427–445.
   Google Scholar
• Cascini L, Cuomo S, Della Sala M. 2011. Spatial and temporal occurrence of rainfall-induced shallow landslides of flow type: a case of Sarno-Quindici, Italy. Geomorphology. 126(1–2):148–158.
   Google Scholar
• Chen XZ, Cui YF. 2017. The formation of the Wulipo landslide and the resulting debris flow in Dujiangyan City, China. J Mt Sci. 14(6):1100–1112.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Cui Y, Su F, Jia Y. 2018. The characteristics of the Mocoa compound disaster event, Colombia. Landslides 15:1223–1232.
   Google Scholar
• Chu HJ, Liau CJ, Lin CH, Su BS. 2012. Integration of fuzzy cluster analysis and kernel density estimation for tracking typhoon trajectories in the Taiwan region. Expert Syst Appl. 39(10):9451–9457.
   Google Scholar
• Collins BD, Kayen R, Tanaka Y. 2012. Spatial distribution of landslides triggered from the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu–Oki Japan Earthquake. Eng Geol. 12714–26.
   Google Scholar
• Crosta GB. 2004. Introduction to the special issue on rainfall triggered landslides and debris flows. Eng Geol. 73(3–4):191–192.
   Google Scholar
• Corominas J, Moya J. 1999. Reconstructing recent landslide activity in relation to rainfall in the lLobregat River basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Geomorphology. 30(1-2):79–93.
   Google Scholar
• Cui P, Chen X-Q, Zhu Y-Y, Su F-H, Wei F-Q, Han Y-S, Liu H-J, Zhuang J-Q. 2011. The Wenchuan earthquake (May 12, 2008), Sichuan province, China, and resulting geohazards. Nat Hazards. 56(1):19–36.
   Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Zhou X, Guo C. 2017. Experimental study on the moving characteristics of fine grains in wide grading unconsolidated soil under heavy rainfall. J Mt Sci. 14(3):417–431.
   Google Scholar
• Dai FC, Xu C, Yao X, Xu L, Tu XB, Gong QM. 2011. Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. J Asian Earth Sci. 40(4):883–895.
   Google Scholar
• Dai FC, Lee CF, Ngai YY. 2002. Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview. Eng Geol. 64(1):65–87.
   Google Scholar
• Dai FC, Lee CF. 2002. Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology. 42(3–4):213–228.
   Google Scholar
• Frattini P, Crosta GB. 2013. The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 361:310–319.
   Google Scholar
• Froude MJ, Petley DN. 2018. Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 18(8):2161–2181.
   Google Scholar
• Guo XJ, Cui P, Li Y. 2013. Debris flow warning threshold based on antecedent rainfall: a case study in Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China. J Mt Sci. 10(2):305–314.
   Google Scholar
• Guo C, Montgomery DR, Zhang Y, Wang K, Yang Z. 2015. Quantitative assessment of landslide susceptibility along the Xianshuihe fault zone, Tibetan Plateau, China. Geomorphology. 248:93–110.
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie RH, Evans SG. 2004. Analysis of landslide frequencies and characteristics in a natural system, coastal British Columbia. Earth Surf Process Landforms. 29(11):1321–1339.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P. 1999. Landslide hazard `evaluation: an aid to a sustainable development. Geomorphology. 31(1–4):181–216.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Cardinali M, Galli M, Ardizzone F. 2005. Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale. Geomorphology. 72(1-4):272–299.
   Google Scholar
• Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Rossi M, Valigi D. 2009. Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 279(3–4):222–229.
   Google Scholar
• Huang R, Li W. 2011. Formation, distribution and risk control of landslides in China. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 3(2):97–116.
   Google Scholar
• Huang R. 2009. Some catastrophic landslides since the twentieth century in the southwest of China. Landslides. 6(1):69–81.
   Google Scholar
• Huang R, Fan X. 2013. The landslide story. Nat Geosci. 6(5):325–326.
   Google Scholar
• Hovius N, Stark CP, Hao-Tsu C, Jiun-Chuan L. 2000. Supply and removal of sediment in a landslide-dominated mountain belt: Central Range, Taiwan. J Geol. 108(1):73–89.
   Google Scholar
• Jarman D. 2006. Large rock slope failures in the Highlands of Scotland: characterisation, causes and spatial distribution. Eng Geol. 83(1–3):161–182.
   Google Scholar
• Keefer DK. 1984. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95:406–421
   Google Scholar
• Khattak GA, Owen LA, Kamp U, Harp EL. 2010. Evolution of earthquake-triggered landslides in the Kashmir Himalaya, northern Pakistan. Geomorphology. 115(1–2):102–108.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum D, Stanley T, Zhou Y. 2015. Spatial and temporal analysis of a global landslide catalog. Geomorphology. 249:4–15.
   Google Scholar
• Lang A, Moya J, Corominas J, Schrott L, Dikau R. 1999. Classic and new dating methods for assessing the temporal occurrence of mass movements. Geomorphology. 30(1–2):33–52.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen IJ, Montgomery DR. 2012. Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics and river incision. Nat Geosci. 5(7):468–473.
   Google Scholar
• Li W-y, Liu C, Hong Y, Zhang X-H, Wan Z-M, Saharia M, Sun W-W, Yao D-J, Chen W, Chen S, et al. 2016. A public Cloud-based China’s Landslide Inventory Database (CsLID): development, zone, and spatiotemporal analysis for significant historical events, 1949–2011. J Mt Sci. 13(7):1275–1285.
   Google Scholar
• Luo W, Yan T, Gong J. 1996. Application of Morishita spread index to the study of the time and spatial distribution characteristics of landslides. Geol Sci Technol Information. 15(2):95–98. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Ma T, Li C, Lu Z, Wang B. 2014. An effective antecedent precipitation model derived from the power-law relationship between landslide occurrence and rainfall level. Geomorphology. 216:187–192.
   Google Scholar
• Macciotta R, Hendry M, Cruden DM, Blais-Stevens A, Edwards T. 2017. Quantifying rock fall probabilities and their temporal distribution associated with weather seasonality. Landslides. 14(6):2025–2039.
   Google Scholar
• Malamud BD, Turcotte DL, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P. 2004. Landslide inventories and their statistical properties. Earth Surf Process Landforms. 29(6):687–711.
   Google Scholar
• Martin Y, Rood K, Schwab JW, Church M. 2002. Sediment transfer by shallow landsliding in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Can J Earth Sci. 39(2):189–205.
   Google Scholar
• Nadim F, Kjekstad O, Peduzzi P, Herold C, Jaedicke C. 2006. Global landslide and avalanche hotspots. Landslides. 3(2):159–173.
   Google Scholar
• Orozco CV, Tonini M, Conedera M, Kanveski M. 2012. Cluster recognition in spatial-temporal sequences: the case of forest fires. Geoinformatica. 16(4):653–673.
   Google Scholar
• Pánek T, Brázdil R, Klimeš J, Smolková V, Hradecký J, Zahradníček P. 2011. Rainfall-induced landslide event of May 2010 in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Landslides. 8(4):507–516.
   Google Scholar
• Parente J, Pereira MG, Tonini M. 2016. Space-time clustering analysis of wildfires: the influence of dataset characteristics, fire prevention policy decisions, weather and climate. Sci Total Environ. 559:151–165.
   Google Scholar
• Parker R. 2013. Hillslope memory and spatial and temporal distributions of earthquake-induced landslides (Doctoral dissertation, Durham University).
   Google Scholar
• Paudel PP, Omura H, Kubota T, Inoue T. 2007. Spatio-temporal patterns of historical shallow landslides in a volcanic area, Mt. Aso, Japan. Geomorphology. 88(1–2):21–33.
   Google Scholar
• Petley D. 2012. Global patterns of loss of life from landslides. Geology. 40(10):927–930.
   Google Scholar
• Piacentini D, Troiani F, Daniele G, Pizziolo M. 2018. Historical geospatial database for landslide analysis: the catalogue of landslide occurrences in the Emilia–Romagna Region (CLOCkER). Landslides. 15(4):811–822.
   Google Scholar
• Posner AJ, Georgakakos KP. 2015. Soil moisture and precipitation thresholds for real-time landslide prediction in El Salvador. Landslides. 12(6):1179–1196.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu H, Cui P, Regmi AD, Hu S, Zhang Y, He Y. 2017. Landslide distribution and size versus relative relief (Shaanxi Province, China). Bull Eng Geol Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10064-017-1121-5
   Google Scholar
• Qiu H, Cui P, Regmi AD, Hu S, Wang X, Zhang Y. 2018. The effects of slope length and slope gradient on the size distributions of loess slides: field observations and simulations. Geomorphology. 300:69–76.
   Google Scholar
• Rouai M, Jaaidi EB. 2003. Scaling properties of landslides in the Rif mountains of Morocco. Eng Geol. 68(3–4):353–359.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Witt A, Guzzetti F, Malamud BD, Peruccacci S. 2010. Analysis of historical landslide time series in the Emilia‐Romagna region, northern Italy. Earth Surf Process Landforms. 35(10):1123–1137.
   Google Scholar
• Scott LM, Janikas MV. 2010. Spatial statistics in ArcGIS. In: Fischer M., Getis A. (eds) Handbook of applied spatial analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Silverman BW. 1986. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall
   Google Scholar
• Stanley T, Kirschbaum DB. 2017. A heuristic approach to global landslide susceptibility mapping. Nat Hazards. 87(1):145–164.
   Google Scholar
• Tanyaş H, van Westen CJ, Allstadt KE, Anna Nowicki Jessee M, Görüm T, Jibson RW, Godt JW, Sato HP, Schmitt RG, Marc O, Hovius N. 2017. Presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake‐induced landslide inventories. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. 122(10):1991–2015.
   Google Scholar
• Telesca L. 2007. Time-clustering of natural hazards. Nat Hazards. 40(3):593–601.
   Google Scholar
• Teng H, Shi Z, Ma Z, Li Y. 2014. Estimating spatially downscaled rainfall by regression kriging using TRMM precipitation and elevation in Zhejiang Province, southeast China. Int J Remote Sens. 35(22):7775–7794.
   Google Scholar
• Tonini M, Tuia D, Ratle F. 2009. Detection of clusters using space–time scan statistics. Int J Wildland Fire. 18(7):830–836.
   Google Scholar
• Tonini M, Pedrazzini A, Penna I, Jaboyedoff M. 2014. Spatial pattern of landslides in Swiss Rhone Valley. Nat Hazards. 73(1):97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Tonini M, Abellan A. 2014. Rockfall detection from terrestrial LiDAR point clouds: a clustering approach using R. J Spatial Information Sci. 8:95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Tonini M, Pereira MG, Parente J, Orozco CV. 2017. Evolution of forest fires in Portugal: from spatio-temporal point events to smoothed density maps. Nat Hazards. 85(3):1489–1510.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela P, Domínguez-Cuesta MJ, García MAM, Jiménez-Sánchez M. 2017. A spatio-temporal landslide inventory for the NW of Spain: BAPA database. Geomorphology. 293:11–23.
   Google Scholar
• Van Asch TW, Van Steijn H. 1991. Temporal patterns of mass movements in the French Alps. Catena. 18(5):515–527.
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Demoulin A. 2007. Characteristics of the size distribution of recent and historical landslides in a populated hilly region. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 256(3–4):588–603.
   Google Scholar
• Wei F, Gao K, Hu K, Li Y, Gardner JS. 2008. Relationships between debris flows and earth surface factors in Southwest China. Environ Geol. 55(3):619–627.
   Google Scholar
• Weidinger JT, Wang J, Ma N. 2002. The earthquake-triggered rock avalanche of Cui Hua, Qin Ling Mountains, PR of China—the benefits of a lake-damming prehistoric natural disaster. Quaternary Int. 93–94:207–214.
   Google Scholar
• Wen B, Wang S, Wang E, Zhang J. 2004. Characteristics of rapid giant landslides in China. Landslides. 1(4):247–261.
   Google Scholar
• Witt A, Malamud BD, Rossi M, Guzzetti F, Peruccacci S. 2010. Temporal correlations and clustering of landslides. Earth Surf Process Landforms. 35(10):1138–1156.
   Google Scholar
• Xie Z, Yan J. 2008. Kernel density estimation of traffic accidents in a network space. Comput Environ and Urban Syst. 32(5):396–406.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Huang X. 2018. Trend and spatiotemporal distribution of fatal landslides triggered by non-seismic effects in China. Landslides. 15(8):1663–1674.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Yao L, Mei G, Liu T, Ning Y. 2017. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on AHP and entropy for a landslide susceptibility map. Entropy. 19(8):396.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou CH, Lee CF, Li J, Xu ZW. 2002. On the spatial relationship between landslides and causative factors on Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology. 43(3–4):197–207.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo R, Agterberg FP, Cheng Q, Yao L. 2009. Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinf. 11(6):394–402.
   Google Scholar