Characteristics of a multi-stroke “bolt from the blue” lightning-type that caused a fatal disaster

References

• Baba Y, Rakov VA. 2005. On the use of lumped sources in lightning return stroke models. J Geophys ResAtmos. 110:D03101 doi:10.1029/2004JD005202
   Google Scholar
• Ballarotti MG, Saba MMF, Pinto O. Jr. 2005. High-speed camera observations of negative ground flashes on a millisecond-scale. Geophys Res Lett. 32:L23802.
   Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj P, Singh O, Kumar D. 2017. Spatial and temporal variations in thunderstorm casualties over India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 38(3):293–312
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso I, Pinto O, Pinto IRCA, Holle R. 2014. Lightning casualty demographics in brazil and their implications for safety rules. Atmos Res. 135-136(1):374–379.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, MA, Holle, RL, Andrews CJ. 2017. Distribution of lightning injury mechanisms. International Conference on Lightning Protection. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Chen LW, Zhang YJ, Lu WT. 2009. Comparative analysis between LLS and observation of artificial-triggered lightning. High Voltage Eng. 35(8):1896–1902.
   Google Scholar
• Cherington M, Krider EP, Yarnell PR, Breed DW. 1998. A bolt from the blue, lightning strike to the head. Neurology. 50(3):830.
   Google Scholar
• Dewan A, Hossain MF, Rahman MM, Yamane Y, Holle RL. 2017. Recent lightning-related fatalities and injuries in bangladesh. Wea Climate Soc. 9:575–589.
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini WM. 2009. Lightning fatalities in swaziland: 2000–2007. Nat Hazards. 50(1):179–191.
   Google Scholar
• Elsom DM, Webb JDC, Enno SE, Horseman A. 2016. Lightning fatalities and injuries in the UK in 2015 and lightning safety advice for hill and mountain walkers. Int J Meteorol. 41(397):105–126.
   Google Scholar
• Fan LM, Li ZF, He HM, Yang CM. 2004. Analysis of location error of Guangdong lightning location system. High Voltage Eng. 30(7):61–63.
   Google Scholar
• Fan XP, Zhang YJ, Zheng D, Zhang Y, Lyu WT, Liu HY, Xu LT. 2018. A new method of three‐dimensional location for low-frequency electric field detection array. J Geophys Res: Atmos. 123. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028249
   Google Scholar
• Fuelberg HE, Walsh RJ, Preston AD. 2014. The extension of lightning flashes from thunderstorms near Cape Canaveral, Florida. J Geophys Res Atmos. 119(16):9965–9979.
   Google Scholar
• Hajikhani M, Ab-Kadir MZA, Izadi M, Gomes C, Jasni J. 2016. Lightning fatalities and injuries in Malaysia from 2008 to 2015. IEEE 2016 33rd International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP) - Estoril, Portugal (2016.9.25–2016.9.30); p. 1–6. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Holle RL, Cooper MA. 2016. Lightning Occurrence and Social Vulnerability. Atmospheric Hazards—Case Studies in Modeling. In: Coleman, JSM, ed. Communication, and Society Impacts, In Tech 08, 18pp. https://www.intechopen.com/books/atmospheric-hazards-case-studies-in-modeling-communication-and-societal-impacts.
   Google Scholar
• Holle RL. 2016. Lightning-caused deaths and injuries related to agriculture. 24th Int. Lightning Detection Conf. and Sixth Int. Lightning Meteorology Conf., San Diego, CA, Vaisala. p. 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Holle RL. 2015. A summary of recent national-scale lightning fatality studies. Weather Climate & Society. 8(1):150917121202003.
   Google Scholar
• Kitagawa N, Brook M. 1960. A comparison of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. J Geophys Res. 65(4):1189–1201.
   Google Scholar
• Kong XZ, Qie XS, Zhao, Y, Zhang T. (2009). Characteristics of negative lightning flashes presenting multiple-ground terminations on a millisecond-scale. Atmospheric Research, 91(2–4), 0–386.
   Google Scholar
• Krehbiel PR, Riousset JA, Pasko VP, Thomas RJ, Rison W, Stanley MA, Edens HE. 2008. Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms. Nature Geosci. 1(4):233–237.
   Google Scholar
• Lu G, Cummer SA, Blakeslee RJ, Weiss S, Beasley WH. 2012. Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 117:D04212. doi:10.1029/2011JD016890
   Google Scholar
• Ma M, Lyu WT, Zhang Y, Meng Q. 2008. Analysis of lightning disasters in china and their correlative factors. Adv. Earth Sci. 23(8):856–865.
   Google Scholar
• Merceret FJ, Short DA, Ward JG. 2005. Radar evaluation of optical cloud constraints to space launch operations. J Spacecraft Rockets. 43(1):248–251.
   Google Scholar
• Navarrete-Aldana N, Cooper MA, Holle RL. 2014. Lightning fatalities in colombia from 2000 to 2009. Nat Hazards. 74(3):1349–1362.
   Google Scholar
• Punkka AJ, Bister M. 2005. Occurrence of summertime convective precipitation and mesoscale convective systems in Finland during 2000-01. Mon Weather Rev. 133(2):362–373.
   Google Scholar
• Qie X, Kong X. 2007. Progression features of a stepped leader process with four grounded leader branches. Geophys Res Lett. 34:L06809.
   Google Scholar
• Qie X, Kong X, Zhang G, Zhang T, Yuan T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun A. 2005. The possible charge structure of thunderstorm and lightning discharges in northeastern verge of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Atmos Res 76(1–4):231–246.
   Google Scholar
• Rachidi F, Rakov VA, Nucci CA, Bermudez JL. 2002. Effect of vertically extended strike object on the distribution of current along the lightning channel. J Geophys Res Atmos. 107(D23), ACL-1–ACL1-66.
   Google Scholar
• Rakov VA. 2001. Transient response of a tall object to lightning. IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat. 43(4):654–661.
   Google Scholar
• Rakov VA, Uman MA. 2003. Lightning: physics and effects, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rison W, Thomas RJ, Krehbiel PR, Hamlin T, Harlin J. 1999. A gps‐based three‐dimensional lightning mapping system: initial observations in central New Mexico. Geophys Res Lett. 26(23):3573–3576.
   Google Scholar
• Selvi S, Rajapandian S. 2016. Analysis of lightning hazards in india. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 19:22–24.
   Google Scholar
• Shao XM, Stanley M, Regan A. 2006. Total Lightning Observations with the New and Improved Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). J Atmos Oceanic Technol. 23(23):1273.
   Google Scholar
• Shi D D, Zheng D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y J, Huang Z G, Lu W T, Chen S D, Yan X. 2017. Low-frequency E-field Detection Array (LFEDA)—Construction and preliminary results. Science China Earth Sciences. 60(10):1896–1908. doi:10.1007/s11430-016-9093-9.
   Google Scholar
• Shrigiriwar MB, Gadhari RK, Jadhao VT, Tingne CT, Kumar NB. 2014. Study of fatalities due to lightning in Nagpur region of Maharashtra. J Indian Acad Foren Med. 36(3):259–262.
   Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Qie X, Liu M, Jiang R, Wang Z, Zhang H. 2016. Characteristics of a negative lightning with multiple-ground terminations observed by a VHF lightning location system. J Geophys Res Atmos. 121(1):413–426.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas RJ, Krehbiel PR, Rison W, Hamlin T, Harlin J, Shown D. 2001. Observations of vhf source powers radiated by lightning. Geophys Res Lett. 28(1):143–146.
   Google Scholar
• Thottappillil R, Rakov VA, Uman MA, Beasley WH, Master MJ, Shelukhin DV. 1992. Lightning subsequent-stroke electric field peak greater than the first stroke peak and multiple ground terminations. J Geophys Res. 97(D7):7503–7509.
   Google Scholar
• Ward JG, Merceret FJ. 2004. Electric field magnitude and radar reflectivity as a function of distance from cloud edge, Tech. Rep. NASA/TM-2004-211530, NASA Kennedy Space Cent., Cocoa Beach, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Willett JC, Le Vine DM, Idone VP. 1995. Lightning-channel morphology revealed by return-stroke radiation field waveforms. J Geophys Res. 100(D2):2727–2738.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Meng Q, Ma M, Zhang Y. 2011. Lightning casualties and damages in china from 1997 to 2009. Nat Hazards. 57(2):465–476.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Lü W, Chen S, Zheng D, Zhang Y, Yan X, Chen L, Dong W, Dan J, Pan H. 2016. A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong, China. J Meteorol Res. 30(5):800–819.
   Google Scholar