Land surface heterogeneity and tornado occurrence: an analysis of Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley

References

• Aguirre BE, Saenz R, Edmiston J, Yang N, Agramonte E, Stuart DL. 1993. The human ecology of tornadoes. Demography. 30:623–633.
   Google Scholar
• Allen JT, Tippett MK, Sobel AH. 2015. Influence of the El nino/southern oscillation on tornado and hail frequency in the United States. Nat Geosci. 8(4):278–283.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley WS. 2007. Spatial and temporal analysis of tornado facilities in the United States: 1880–2005. Wea Forecasting. 22(6):1214–1228.
   Google Scholar
• Besag J, Newell J. 1991. The detection of clusters in rare diseases. J Roy Stat Soc A. 154(1):143–155.
   Google Scholar
• Betts AK, Ball JH, Beljaars ACM, Miller MJ, Viterbo P. 1996. The land-surface-atmosphere interaction: a review based on observational and global modeling perspectives. J Geophys Res. 101:7208–7225.
   Google Scholar
• Boruff BJ, Easoz JA, Jones SD, Landry HR, Mitchem JD, Cutter SL. 2003. Tornado hazards in the United States. Clim Res. 24:103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Bosart LF, LaPenta K, Seimon A, Dickinson M, Galarneau TG Jr. 2004. Terrain-influenced tornadogenesis in the northeastern United States. Preprints, 11th Conference on Mountain Meteorology and the Annual Mesoscale Alpine Program (MAP), Bartlett, NH, Amer Meteorol Soc P17.3. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/77126.pdf.]
   Google Scholar
• Bozeman ML, Niyogi D, Gopalakrishnan S, Marks FD Jr, Zhang X, Tallapragada V. 2012. An HWRF-based ensemble assessment of the land surface feedback on the post-landfall intensification of Tropical Storm Fay (2008). Nat Hazards. 63:1543–1571.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks HE, Dotzek N. 2008. The spatial distribution of severe convective storms and an analysis of their secular changes. Climate Extremes Soc. 35:53.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks HE, Doswell CA. 2001. Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999. Wea Forecasting. 16(1):168–176.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks HE, Lee JW, Craven JP. 2003. The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data. Atmos Res. 67:73–94.
   Google Scholar
• Brotzge J, Erickson S, Brooks H. 2011. A 5-yr climatology of tornado false alarms. Wea Forecasting. 26(4):534–544.
   Google Scholar
• Changnon SA. 1978. Urban effects on severe local storms. J Appl Meteorol. 17(5):578–586.
   Google Scholar
• Chen TC, Wang SY, Yen MC. 2007. Enhancement of afternoon thunderstorm activity by urbanization in a valley: Taipei. J Appl Meteorol Climatol. 46(9):1324–1340.
   Google Scholar
• Cheresnick DR, Basara JB. 2005. The impact of land-atmosphere interactions on the Benson, MN tornado of 11 June 2011. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc. 86(5):637–642.
   Google Scholar
• Clark C, Arritt R. 1995. Numerical simulations of the effect of soil moisture and vegetation cover on the development of deep convection. J Appl Meteorol. 34(9):2029–2045.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman TA. 2010. The effects of topography and friction on mesocyclones and tornadoes. Preprints, 25th Conference on Severe Local Storms; Denver, CO: Amer Meteorol Soc. P8.12.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman TA, Dixon PG. 2014. An objective analysis of tornado risk in the United States. Wea Forecasting. 29(2):366–376.
   Google Scholar
• Concannon PR, Brooks HE, Doswell Iii CA. 2000. Climatological risk of strong and violent tornadoes in the United States. Preprints, Second Symposium on Env App; Long Beach, CA: Amer Meterol Soc. 9.4.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon GP, Mercer AE, Choi J, Allen JS. 2011. Tornado risk analysis: is Dixie Alley an extension of Tornado Alley?. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc. 92(4):433–441.
   Google Scholar
• Dessens J. Jr 1972. Influence of ground roughness on tornadoes: a laboratory simulation. J Appl Meteorol. 11(1):72–75.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond CJ, Wilkins EM. 1984. Translation effects on simulation tornadoes. J Atmos Sci. 41(17):2574–2580.
   Google Scholar
• Doswell CA, III, Burgess DW. 1988. On some issues of United States tornado climatology. Mon Wea Rev . 116(2):495–501.
   Google Scholar
• Elsom DM, Meaden GT. 1982. Suppression and dissipation of weak tornadoes in metropolitan areas: A case study of greater London. Mon Wea Rev. 110(7):745–756.
   Google Scholar
• Esri 2011. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Readlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Farney TJ, Dixon PG. 2015. Variability of tornado climatology across the continental United States. Int J Climatol. 35(10):2993–3006.
   Google Scholar
• Finley JP. 1884. Report on the character of six hundred tornadoes. Prof Papers Sig Serv No VII; Washington, DC: US Signal Service.
   Google Scholar
• Gagan JP, Gerard A, Gordon J. 2010. A historical and statistical comparison of “Tornado Alley” to “Dixie Alley. Natl Wea Dig. 34(2):145–155.
   Google Scholar
• Gascón E, Merino A, Sánchez JL, Fernández-González S, García-Ortega E, López L, et al. 2015. Spatial distribution of thermodynamic conditions of severe storms in southwestern Europe. Atmos Res. 164:194–209.
   Google Scholar
• Getis A. and Ord J. K., 2010. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. In Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis (pp. 127–145). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Goliger AM, Milford RV. 1998. A review of worldwide occurrence of tornadoes. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn. 74–76:111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Holt T, Niyogi D, Chen F, LeMone MA, Manning K, Qureshi AL. 2006. Effect of land–atmosphere interactions on the IHOP 24–25 May 2002 convection case. Mon Wea Rev. 134(1):113–133.
   Google Scholar
• Kellner O, Niyogi D. 2014. Land surface heterogeneity signature in tornado climatology? An illustrative analysis over Indiana, 1950–2012. Earth Interact. 18(10):1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons TJ, Schwerdtfeger P, Hacker JM, Foster IJ, Smith RCG, Huang X. 1993. Land–atmosphere interaction in a semiarid region: the bunny fence experiment. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc. 74(7):1327–1334.
   Google Scholar
• National Climatic Data Center 2017. U.S. Tornado Climatology. National Oceanic and Amospheric Association (NOAA) Available online at: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology
   Google Scholar
• Niyogi D, Holt T, Zhong S, Pyle PC, Basara J. 2006. Urban and land surface effects on the 30 July 2003 mesoscale convective system event observed in the southern Great Plains. J Geophys Res. 111:D19107.
   Google Scholar
• Niyogi D, Pyle P, Lei M, Arya SP, Kishtawal CM, Shepherd M, Chen F, Wolfe B. 2011. Urban modification of thunderstorms: an observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region. J Appl Meteorol Climatol. 50(5):1129–1144.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlmacher GC, Davis JC. 2003. Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA. Eng Geol. 69(3–4):331–343.
   Google Scholar
• Ord J. K. and Getis A. 1995. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geographical analysis, 27(4), pp. 286–306.
   Google Scholar
• Pielke RA, SrPitman A, Niyogi D, Mahmood R, McAlpine C, et al. 2011. Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence. Wires Clim Change. 2:828–850.
   Google Scholar
• Pielke RA Sr, Mahmood R, McAlpine C. 2016. Land’s complex role in climate change. Phys Today. 69(11):40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pitman AJ, de Noblet-Decoudre N, Cruz FT, Davin EL, Bonan GB, Brovkin V, Claussen M, Delire C, Ganzeveld L, Gayler V, et al. 2009. Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: first results from the LUCID intercomparision study. Geophys Res Lett. 36:L14814.
   Google Scholar
• Rogerson P, Yamada I. 2008. Statistical detection and surveillance of geographic clusters. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sutter D, Simmons KM. 2010. Tornado fatalities and mobile homes in the United States. Nat Hazards. 53(1):125–137.
   Google Scholar
• Thom HCS. 1963. Tornado probabilities. Mon Wea Rev. 91(10):730–736.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson RL, Edwards R, Hart JA, Elmore KL, Markowski P. 2003. Close proximity soundings within supercell environments obtained from the rapid update cycle. Wea Forecasting. 18(6):1243–1261.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson RL, Mead CM, Edwards R. 2007. Effective storm-relative helicity and bulk shear in supercell thunderstorm environments. Wea Forecasting. 22(1):102–115.
   Google Scholar
• Wright JD, Rossi PH, Wright SR, Weber-Burdin E. 1979. After the clean-up: long range effects of natural disasters. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Nair US, Pielke RA, McNider RT, Christopher SA, Anantharaj VG. 2009. Impact of land surface heterogeneity on mesoscale atmospheric dispersion. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 133(3):367–389.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan M. 2005. Beyond mapping in GIS applications to environmental analysis. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc. 86(2):169–170.
   Google Scholar