Educational Degrees and Adult Mortality Risk in the United States

References

• Arrow , K. J. 1973 . Higher education as a filter . J Pub Econ , 2 : 193 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , P. D. 1984 . Event history analysis: Regression for longitudinal event data , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ashenfelter , O. C. and Rouse , C. E. 2000 . “ Schooling, intelligence, and income in America ” . In Meritocracy and economic inequality , Edited by: Arrow , K. J. , Bowles , S. and Durlauf , S. N. 89 – 117 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Backlund , E. , Sorlie , P. D. and Johnson , N. J. 1999 . A comparison of the relationships of education and income with mortality: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study . Soc Sci Med , 49 : 1373 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , G. S. 1964 . Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Belman , D. and Heywood , J. S. 1991 . Sheepskin effects in the returns to education: An examination of women and minorities . Rev Econ Statist , 73 : 720 – 724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belman , D. and Heywood , J. S. 1997 . Sheepskin effects by cohort: Implications of job matching in a signaling model . Oxford Econ Papers , 49 ( 4 ) : 623 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bound , J. , Lovenheim , M. and Turner , S. E. 2007 . Understanding the decrease in college completion rates and the increased time to the baccalaureate degree. University of Michigan Population Studies Center Research Report No. 07-626 , Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Braveman , P. A. , Cubbin , C. , Egerter , S. , Chideya , S. , Marchi , K. S. , Metzler , M. and Posner , S. 2005 . Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all . JAMA , 294 ( 22 ) : 2879 – 2888 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card , D. 1999 . “ The causal effect of education on earnings ” . In Handbook of labor economics , Edited by: Ashenfelter , O. and Card , D. 1801 – 1863 . Stanford, CA : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Cameron , S. V. and Heckman , J. J. 1993 . The nonequivalence of high school equivalents . J Labor Econ , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. 2008 . The lucky few: Between the greatest generation and the baby boom , London : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Christenson , B. A. and Johnson , N. E. 1995 . Educational inequality in adult mortality: An assessment with death certificate data from Michigan . Demography , 32 ( 2 ) : 215 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , R. 1979 . The credential society: A historical sociology of education and stratification , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deaton , A. S. and Paxson , C. 1999 . “ Mortality, education, income, and inequality among American cohorts ” . In Working Paper No. 7140 , Princeton, NJ : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Denney , J. T. , Rogers , R. G. , Hummer , R. A. and Pampel , F. C. 2010 . “ Education inequality in mortality: The age and gender specific mediating effects of cigarette smoking ” . In Forthcoming in Soc Sci Res
   Google Scholar
• Diprete , T. A. and Buchmann , C. 2006 . Gender-specific trends in the value of education and the emerging gender gap in college completion . Demography , 43 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elo , I. T. , Martikainen , P. T. and Smith , K. P. 2006 . Socioeconomic differentials in mortality in Finland and the United States: The role of education and income . Eur J Popul , 22 ( 2 ) : 179 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elo , I. T. and Preston , S. H. 1996 . Educational differentials in mortality: United States, 1979–85 . Soc Sci Med , 42 ( 1 ) : 47 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elo , I. T. and Preston , S. H. 1997 . “ Racial and ethnic differences in mortality at older age ” . In Racial and ethnic differences in the health of older Americans , Edited by: Martin , L. G. and Soldo , B. 10 – 42 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Everett, B. G., R. G. Rogers, P. M. Krueger, and R. A. Hummer. 2007. Trends in educational attainment by sex, race/ethnicity, and nativity in the United States, 1989–2005. University of Colorado Population Program Working Paper POP2007. http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pop/pubs/wp.html (Accessed: 18 March 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Faia , M. A. 1981 . Selection by certification: A neglected variable in stratification research . Am J Sociol , 86 ( 5 ) : 1093 – 1111 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazis , H. 2002 . Human capital, signaling, and the pattern of returns to education . Oxford Econ Papers , 54 : 298 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow, C. W. 2003. Education and correctional populations. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ecp.pdf (Accessed: 29 January 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , M. D. and Gorman , B. 2004 . The long arm of childhood: The influence of early life conditions on men's mortality . Demography , 41 : 87 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , J. J. , Lochner , L. J. and Todd , P. E. 2006 . “ Earnings functions, rates of return and treatment effects: The Mincer equation and beyond ” . In Handbook of the economics of education , Edited by: Hanushek , E. A. and Welch , F. Vol. 1 , 301 – 458 . Bonn, , Germany : Institute for the Study of Labor .
   Google Scholar
• House , J. S. , Kessler , R. C. and Herzog , A. R. 1990 . Age, socioeconomic status, and health . Milbank Q , 68 ( 3 ) : 383 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. S. , Landis , K. R. and Umberson , D. 1988 . Social relationships and health . Science , 241 : 540 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. S. , Lepkowski , J. M. , Kinney , A. M. , Mero , R. P. , Kessler , R. C. and Herzog , A. R. 1994 . The social stratification of aging and health . J Health Soc Behav , 35 ( 3 ) : 213 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummer , R. A. and Lariscy , J. T. 2010 . “ Educational attainment and adult mortality ” . In International handbook of adult mortality , Edited by: Rogers , R. G. and Crimmins , E. New York : Springer Publishers (forthcoming) .
   Google Scholar
• Hummer , R. A. , Rogers , R. G. , Nam , C. B. and LeClere , F. 1999 . Race/ethnicity, nativity, and U.S. adult mortality . Soc Sci Q , 80 ( 1 ) : 136 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Hungerford , T. and Solon , G. 1987 . Sheepskin effects in the returns to education . Rev Econ Statist , 69 ( 1 ) : 175 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa , E. and Hauser , P. 1973 . Differential mortality in the United States: A study in socioeconomic epidemiology , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kom , E. , Graubard , B. I. and Midthune , D. 1997 . Time-to-event analysis of longitudinal follow-up of a survey: Choice of the time-scale . Am J Epidemiol , 145 ( 1 ) : 72 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kominski , R. and Adams , A. 1994 . Educational attainment in the United States: March 1993 and 1992 , Series P20-476 Washington, DC : U. S. Bureau of the Census . Current Population Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Korten , A. E. , Jorm , A. F. , Jiao , Z. , Lettennuer , L. , Jacomb , P. A. , Henderson , A. S. , Christensen , H. and Rodgers , B. 1999 . Health, cognitive, and psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality in an elderly community sample . J Epidemiol Commun Health , 53 : 83 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen , S. and Martelin , T. 1994 . Why are socioeconomic mortality differences smaller among women than among men? . Soc Sci Med , 38 ( 10 ) : 1385 – 1396 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krieger , N. , Williams , D. R. and Moss , N. E. 1997 . Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines . Ann Rev Pub Health , 82 : 341 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Krueger , P. M. and Burgard , S. A. 2010 . “ Work, occupation, income, and mortality ” . In International handbook of adult mortality , Edited by: Rogers , R. G. and Crimmins , E. New York : Springer Publishers (forthcoming) .
   Google Scholar
• Kung , H. C. , Hoyert , D. L. , Xu , J. and Murphy , S. 2008 . Deaths: Final data for 2005 . Natl Vital Statist Rep , 56 ( 10 ) : 1 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lantz , P. M. , House , J. S. , Lepkowski , J. M. , Williams , D. R. , Mero , R. P. and Chen , J. 1998 . Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally prospective study of U.S. adults . JAMA , 279 ( 21 ) : 1703 – 1708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz , P. M. , House , J. S. , Mero , R. P. and Williams , D. R. 2005 . Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: Results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study . J Health Soc Behav , 46 : 274 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauderdale , D. S. 2001 . Education and survival: Birth cohort, period, and age effects . Demography , 38 ( 4 ) : 551 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layard , R. and Psacharopoulos , G. 1974 . The screening hypothesis and the returns to education . J Polit Econ , 82 : 985 – 998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillard , L. and Waite , L. 1995 . Til death do us part: Marital disruption and mortality . American J Sociol , 100 : 1131 – 1156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link , B. and Phelan , J. 1995 . Social conditions and fundamental causes of disease . J Health Soc Behav [extra issue] , : 80 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lochner , K. , Hummer , R. A. , Barett , S. , Wheatcroft , G. and Cox , C. 2008 . The public-use National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files: Methods of re-identification risk avoidance and comparative analysis . Am J Epidemiol , 168 ( 3 ) : 336 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , A. D. 1995 . “ The lung cancer epidemic in developed countries ” . In Adult mortality in developed countries: From description to explanation , Edited by: Alan , Lopez , D. , Caselli , G. and Valkonen , T. 111 – 143 . Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , A. D. , Collishaw , N. F. and Piha , T. 1994 . Descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries . Tob Control , 3 : 242 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , S. M. 2003 . Cohort and life-course patterns in the relationship between education and health: A hierarchical approach . Demography , 40 ( 2 ) : 309 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , S. M. 2006 . Explaining life course and cohort variation in the relationship between education and health: The role of income . J Health Soc Behav , 47 ( 4 ) : 324 – 338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mare , R. D. 1991 . Five decades of educational assortative mating . Am Sociol Rev , 56 ( 1 ) : 15 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markides , K. S. and Black , S. A. 1996 . “ Race, ethnicity, and aging: The impact of inequality ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences , Edited by: Binstock , R. H. and Black , S. A. 153 – 171 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , T. C. and Bumpass , L. L. 1989 . Recent trends in marital disruption . Demography , 26 : 37 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough , P. , Williams , D. R. , House , J. S. and Duncan , G. J. 1999 . Gender and the socioeconomic gradient in mortality . J Health Soc Behav , 40 ( 1 ) : 17 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirowsky , J. and Ross , C. E. 1998 . Education, personal control, lifestyle and health: A human capital hypothesis . Res Aging , 20 ( 4 ) : 415 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirowsky , J. and Ross , C. E. 2003 . Education, social status, and health , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Molla , M. T. , Madans , J. H. and Wagener , D. K. 2004 . Differentials in adult mortality and activity limitation by years of education in the United States at the end of the 1990s . Popul Dev Rev , 30 : 625 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montez , J. K. and Hayward , M. D. 2010 . “ Early life conditions and later life mortality ” . In International handbook of adult mortality , Edited by: Rogers , R. G. and Crimmins , E. New York : Springer Publishers (forthcoming) .
   Google Scholar
• Murnane , R. J. , Willett , J. B. and Boudett , K. P. 1995 . Do high school dropouts benefit from obtaining a GED? . Educ Policy Anal , 17 ( 2 ) : 133 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane , R. J. , Willett , J. B. and Boudett , K. P. 1997 . Does a GED lead to more training, post-secondary education, and military service for school dropouts? . Indust Labor Relat Rev , 51 ( 1 ) : 100 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Mustard , C. A. , Derksen , S. , Berthelot , J. M. , Wolfson , M. and Roos , L. L. 1997 . Age-specific education and income gradients in morbidity and mortality in a Canadian Province . Soc Sci Med , 45 ( 3 ) : 383 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. 2003. The condition of education 2003 (NCES 2003-067). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=40 (Accessed: 29 January 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. 2007. Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education http:// nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_007.asp (Accessed: 29 January 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics . Various years . 1997–2000 National Health Interview Surveys: Core Data , Hyattsville, MD : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. 2005. The 1986–2000 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files: Matching Methodology. Hyattsville, Maryland. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/matching_ methodology_nhis_final.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics . 2007 . National Health Interview Survey, Linked Mortality Public-Use Data File: 1986–2002 Survey Years , Hyattsville, MD : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Pampel , F. C. 2005 . Diffusion, cohort change, and social patterns of smoking . Soc Sci Res , 34 : 117 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. H. 1999 . Estimation of sheepskin effects using the old and the new measures of educational attainment in the Current Population Survey . Econ Lett , 62 : 237 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , D. and Xie , Y. 1999 . Statistical models for categorical data , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , S. H. and Elo , I. T. 1995 . Are educational differentials in adult mortality increasing in the United States? . J Aging Health , 7 ( 4 ) : 476 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. 2003 . Diffusion of innovation , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. G. , Hummer , R. A. and Nam , C. B. 2000 . Living and dying in the USA: Health, behavioral, and social differentials of adult mortality , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. and Mirowsky , J. 1999 . Refining the association between education and health: The effects of quantity, credential, and selectivity . Demography , 36 ( 4 ) : 445 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. E. and Wu , C. L. 1995 . The links between education and health . Am Sociol Rev , 60 ( 5 ) : 719 – 745 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeni , R. F. , House , J. S. , Kaplan , G. A. and Pollack , H. 2008 . Making Americans healthier: Social and economic policy as health policy , NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , A. , Partelow , L. A. and Miller , D. C. 2005 . Comparative indicators of education in the United States and other G8 Countries: 2004 (NCES 2005-021). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Spence , M. 1973 . Job market signaling . Q J Econ , 88 : 355 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp . 2007 . Stata Statistical Software: Release 10.0. College Station, TX
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , J. H. , Murnane , R. J. and Willet , J. B. 2000 . Estimating the labor market signaling value of the GED . Q J Econ , 115 ( 2 ) : 431 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umberson , D. 2002 . Gender, marital status, and the social control of health behavior . Soc Sci Med , 34 ( 8 ) : 907 – 917 .
   Google Scholar
• Whalley , L. J. and Deary , I. J . 2001 . Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76 . Br Med J , 322 : 819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zajacova , A. 2006 . Education, gender, and mortality: Does schooling have the same effect on mortality for men and women in the US? . Soc Sci Med , 63 ( 8 ) : 2176 – 2190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajacova , A. , Goldman , N. and Rodríguez , G. 2009 . Unobserved heterogeneity can confound the effect of education on mortality . Math Popul Stud , 16 ( 2 ) : 153 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajacova , A. and Hummer , R. A. 2009 . Gender differences in education effects on all-cause mortality for white and black adults in the United States . Soc Sci Med , 69 ( 4 ) : 529 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar