Genome-Wide Estimates of Heritability for Social Demographic Outcomes

References

• Bartels, M., M. H. de Moor, N. Van der Aa, D. I. Boomsma, and E. J. de Geus. 2012. Regular exercise, subjective wellbeing, and internalizing problems in adolescence: Causality or genetic pleiotropy? Frontiers in Genetics 3 (4). doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belsky, D. W., T. E. Moffitt, K. Sugden, B. Williams, R. Houts, J. McCarthy, and A. Caspi. 2013. Development and evaluation of a genetic risk score for obesity. Biodemography and Social Biology 59 (1):85–100. doi:10.1080/19485565.2013.774628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, J. D., C. L. Blalock, F. C. Pampel, P. K. Hatemi, A. C. Heath, and L. J. Eaves. 2011. Population composition, public policy, and the genetics of smoking. Demography 48 (4):1517–33. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0057-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, J. D., B. W. Domingue, and J. Daw. 2015. What can genes tell us about the relationship between education and health? Social Science & Medicine 127:171–80. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausson, B., P. Lichtenstein, and S. Cnattingius. 2000. Genetic influence on birth weight and gestational length determined by studies in offspring of twins. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 107 (3):375–81. doi:10.1111/bjo.2000.107.issue-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, D., D. Cesarini, C. Dawes, B. Domingue, and J. Boardman. 2015. Is the effect of parental education on offspring biased or moderated by genotype? Sociological Science 2:82–105. doi:10.15195/v2.a6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, D., M. L. Siegal, B. W. Domingue, K. M. Harris, M. B. McQueen, and J. D. Boardman. 2014. Testing the key assumption of heritability estimates based on genome-wide genetic relatedness. Journal of Human Genetics 59 (6):342–45. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G., A. Tenesa, A. Payton, J. Yang, S. E. Harris, D. Liewald, and I. J. Deary. 2011. Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Molecular Psychiatry 16 (10):996–1005. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daw, J., M. Shanahan, K. M. Harris, A. Smolen, B. Haberstick, and J. D. Boardman. 2013. Genetic sensitivity to peer behaviors: 5HTTLPR, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 54 (1):92–108. doi:10.1177/0022146512468591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary, I. J., J. Yang, G. Davies, S. E. Harris, A. Tenesa, D. Liewald, and P. M. Visscher. 2012. Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age. Nature 482 (7384):212–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do, C. B., J. Y. Tung, E. Dorfman, A. K. Kiefer, E. M. Drabant, U. Francke, and N. Eriksson. 2011. Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson’s disease. PLoS Genetics 7 (6):e1002141. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingue, B. W., J. Fletcher, D. Conley, and J. D. Boardman. 2014. Genetic and educational assortative mating among US adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (22):7996–8000. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321426111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. W., and R. C. Lewontin. 1975. The heritability hang-up. Science 190 (4220):1163–68. doi:10.1126/science.1198102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, T. D., C. N. Spracklen, K. K. Ryckman, L. A. Knake, T. D. Busch, A. M. Momany, and J. M. Dagle. 2014. Genetic variation in CYB5R3 is associated with methemoglobin levels in preterm infants receiving nitric oxide therapy. Pediatric Research 77 (3):472–476. doi:10.1038/pr.2014.206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton, F.. 1869. Hereditary genius. London: Macmillan and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ge, T., T. E. Nichols, P. H. Lee, A. J. Holmes, J. L. Roffman, R. L. Buckner, M. R. Sabuncu, and J. W. Smoller. 2015. Massively expedited genome-wide heritability analysis (MEGHA). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (8):2479–84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415603112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genin, E., D. Hannequin, D. Wallon, K. Sleegers, M. Hiltunen, O. Combarros, and C. Van Broeckhoven. 2011. APOE and Alzheimer disease: A major gene with semi-dominant inheritance. Molecular Psychiatry 16 (9):903–07. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmour, A. R., R. Thompson, and B. R. Cullis. 1995. Average information REML: An efficient algorithm for variance parameter estimation in linear mixed models. Biometrics 51:1440–50. doi:10.2307/2533274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, G., and D. E. Adkins. 2008. How is a statistical link established between a human outcome and a genetic variant? Sociological Methods & Research 37 (2):201–26. doi:10.1177/0049124108324526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harville, D. A. 1977. Maximum likelihood approaches to variance component estimation and to related problems. Journal of the American Statistical Association 72 (358):320–38. doi:10.1080/01621459.1977.10480998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, M.F., M. Saad, J. Bras, F. Bettella, N. Nicolaou, J. Simón-Sánchez, F. Mittag, F. Büchel, M. Sharma, J.R. Gibbs and C. Schulte, et al. 2012. Using genome-wide complex trait analysis to quantify ‘missing heritability’ in Parkinson’s disease. Human Molecular Genetics 21 (22): 4996–5009. doi:10.1093/hmg/dds335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H., T. R. DeCandia, S. Ripke, J. Yang, P. F. Sullivan, M. E. Goddard, and M. C. Keller, et al. 2012. Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia captured by common SNPs. Nature Genetics 44 (3):247–50. doi:10.1038/ng.1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H., N. R. Wray, M. E. Goddard, and P. M. Visscher. 2011. Estimating missing heritability for disease from genome-wide association studies. American Journal of Human Genetics 88 (3):294–305. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn, C. H., M. Trzaskowski, R. Plomin, and J. Wardle. 2013. Finding the missing heritability in pediatric obesity: The contribution of genome-wide complex trait analysis. International Journal of Obesity 37 (11):1506–09. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubke, G. H., J. J. Hottenga, R. Walters, C. Laurin, E. J. De Geus, G. Willemsen, and D. I. Boomsma. 2012. Estimating the genetic variance of major depressive disorder due to all single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biological Psychiatry 72 (8):707–09. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubke, G. H., C. Laurin, A. Amin, J. Hottenga, G. Willemsen, G. van Grootheest, and A. Abdellaoui, et al. 2014. Genome-wide analyses of borderline personality features. Molecular Psychiatry 19:923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majer, I. M., R. Stevens, W. J. Nusselder, J. P. Mackenbach, and P. H. van Baal. 2013. Modeling and forecasting health expectancy: Theoretical framework and application. Demography 50 (2):673–97. doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0156-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marioni, R. E., G. Davies, C. Hayward, D. Liewald, S. M. Kerr, A. Campbell, and I. J. Deary. 2014. Molecular genetic contributions to socioeconomic status and intelligence. Intelligence 44:26–32. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R. K., R. A. Hummer, D. A. Powers, A. Beck, S. F. Lin, and B. K. Finch. 2014. Long-term trends in adult mortality for U.S. blacks and whites: An examination of period- and cohort-based changes. Demography 51 (6):2047–73. doi:10.1007/s13524-014-0343-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen, M. B., J. D. Boardman, B. W. Domingue, A. Smolen, J. Tabor, L. Killeya-Jones, and K. M. Harris. 2015. The national longitudinal study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) sibling pairs genome-wide data. Behavior Genetics 45 (1):12–23. doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9692-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustelin, L., J. Joutsi, A. Latvala, K. H. Pietiläinen, A. Rissanen, and J. Kaprio. 2012. Genetic influences on physical activity in young adults: A twin study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44 (7):1293–301. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182479747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelis, M., T. Esko, R. Magi, F. Zimprich, A. Zimprich, D. Toncheva, and A. Metspalu. 2009. Genetic structure of Europeans: A view from the North-East. Plos One 4 (5):e5472. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, R. H., L. Brick, N. R. Nugent, L. Bidwell, J. E. McGeary, V. S. Knopik, and M. C. Keller. 2015. Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: Genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence. Addiction 110 (3):530–37. doi:10.1111/add.12815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pampel, F. C., and J. T. Denney. 2011. Cross-national sources of health inequality: Education and tobacco use in the World Health Survey. Demography 48 (2):653–74. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0027-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilia, G., W. M. Chen, A. Scuteri, M. Orrú, G. Albai, M. Dei, and D. Schlessinger. 2006. Heritability of cardiovascular and personality traits in 6,148 Sardinians. Plos Genetics 2 (8):e132. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020132.
   Google Scholar
• Plomin, R., C. M. Haworth, E. L. Meaburn, T. S. Price, O. S. Davis, and Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2. 2013. Common DNA markers can account for more than half of the genetic influence on cognitive abilities. Psychological Science. 24:562–568. 0956797612457952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, R. A., T. Wingenbach, S. Cohen-Woods, R. Uher, M. Y. Ng, W. Butler, and M. Ising, et al. 2013. Estimating the heritability of reporting stressful life events captured by common genetic variants. Psychological Medicine 43 (9):1965–71. doi:10.1017/S0033291712002589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, A. L., N. J. Patterson, R. M. Plenge, M. E. Weinblatt, N. A. Shadick, and D. Reich. 2006. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics 38 (8):904–09. doi:10.1038/ng1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, M. L., S. R. Zubrick, C. L. Taylor, J. Gayán, and D. E. Bontempo. 2014. Late language emergence in 24-month-old twins: Heritable and increased risk for late language emergence in twins. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57 (3):917–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, R. C., G. Davey Smith, A. R. Ness, M. Den Hoed, G. McMahon, and N. J. Timpson. 2014. Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: A Mendelian randomization analysis. PLoS Medicine 11 (3):e1001618. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietveld, C. A., D. Cesarini, D. J. Benjamin, P. D. Koellinger, J. E. De Neve, H. Tiemeier, and M. Bartels. 2013. Molecular genetics and subjective well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (24):9692–97. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222171110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietveld, C. A., S. E. Medland, J. Derringer, J. Yang, T. Esko, N. W. Martin, and G. McMahon. 2013. GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science 340 (6139):1467–71. doi:10.1126/science.1235488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. E., R. K. Masters, and R. A. Hummer. 2012. Education and the gender gaps in health and mortality. Demography 49 (4):1157–83. doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0130-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed, D., and D. J. Balding. 2014. Relatedness in the post-genomic era: Is it still useful? Nature Reviews Genetics 16:33–44. doi:10.1038/nrg3821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed, D., G. Hemani, M. R. Johnson, and D. J. Balding. 2012. Improved heritability estimation from genome-wide SNPs. American Journal of Human Genetics 91 (6):1011–21. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splansky, G. L., D. Corey, Q. Yang, L. D. Atwood, L. A. Cupples, E. J. Benjamin, and D. Levy. 2007. The third generation cohort of the national heart, lung, and blood institute’s framingham heart study: Design, recruitment, and initial examination. American Journal of Epidemiology 165 (11):1328–35. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tielbeek, J. J., S. E. Medland, B. Benyamin, E. M. Byrne, A. C. Heath, P. A. Madden, and K. J. Verweij. 2012. Unraveling the genetic etiology of adult antisocial behavior: A genome-wide association study. PLoS One 7:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Trzaskowski, M., T. C. Eley, O. S. Davis, S. J. Doherty, K. B. Hanscombe, E. L. Meaburn, and R. Plomin. 2013. First genome-wide association study on anxiety-related behaviours in childhood. Plos One 8 (4):e58676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058676.
   Google Scholar
• Trzaskowski, M., J. Yang, P. M. Visscher, and R. Plomin. 2014a. DNA evidence for strong genetic stability and increasing heritability of intelligence from age 7 to 12. Molecular Psychiatry 19 (3):380–84. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trzaskowski, M., N. Harlaar, R. Arden, E. Krapohl, K. Rimfeld, A. McMillan, P.S. Dale, and R. Plomin. 2014b. Genetic influence on family socioeconomic status and children’s intelligence. Intelligence 42:83–88. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding, E., T. S. Price, S. R. Jaffee, M. Trzaskowski, O. S. Davis, E. L. Meaburn, and R. Plomin. 2013. Genetics of callous-unemotional behavior in children. Plos One 8 (7):e65789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065789.
   Google Scholar
• Vilhjalmsson, B., J. Yang, H. K. Finucane, A. Gusev, S. Lindstrom, S. Ripke, and G. Genovese, et al. 2015. Modeling linkage disequilibrium increases accuracy of polygenic risk scores. BioRxiv 015859.
   Google Scholar
• Vinkhuyzen, A. A., N. L. Pedersen, J. Yang, S. H. Lee, P. K. Magnusson, W. G. Iacono, and N. R. Wray. 2012. Common SNPs explain some of the variation in the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion. Translational Psychiatry 2 (4):e102. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.27.
   Google Scholar
• Visscher, P. M., G. Hemani, A. A. Vinkhuyzen, G. B. Chen, S. H. Lee, N. R. Wray, and J. Yang. 2014. Statistical power to detect genetic (co) variance of complex traits using SNP data in unrelated samples. Plos Genetics 10 (4):e1004269. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher, P. M., J. Yang, and M. E. Goddard. 2010. A commentary on ‘common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height by Yang et al. (2010). Twin Research and Human Genetics 13 (06):517–24. doi:10.1375/twin.13.6.517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrieze, S. I., M. McGue, M. B. Miller, B. M. Hicks, and W. G. Iacono. 2013. Three mutually informative ways to understand the genetic relationships among behavioral disinhibition, alcohol use, drug use, nicotine use/dependence, and their co-occurrence: Twin biometry, GCTA, and genome-wide scoring. Behavior Genetics 43 (2):97–107. doi:10.1007/s10519-013-9584-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, C. T., G. Disanto, F. Breden, G. Giovannoni, and S. V. Ramagopalan. 2012. Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis captured by common SNPs. Scientific Reports 2:1–4. doi:10.1038/srep00770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter, D., J. MacArthur, J. Morales, T. Burdett, P. Hall, H. Junkins, and H. Parkinson. 2014. The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Nucleic Acids Research 42 (D1):D1001–D1006. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wienke, A., N. V. Holm, A. Skytthe, and A. I. Yashin. 2001. The heritability of mortality due to heart diseases: A correlated frailty model applied to Danish twins. Twin Research 4 (4):266–74. doi:10.1375/1369052012399.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, A. R., T. Esko, J. Yang, S. Vedantam, T. H. Pers, S. Gustafsson, and U. Lim. 2014. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nature Genetics 46 (11):1173–86. doi:10.1038/ng.3097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., B. Benyamin, B. P. McEvoy, S. Gordon, A. K. Henders, D. R. Nyholt, and P. M. Visscher. 2010. Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Nature Genetics 42 (7):565–69. doi:10.1038/ng.608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., S. H. Lee, M. E. Goddard, and P. M. Visscher. 2011. GCTA: A tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics 88 (1):76–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L., B. M. Neale, L. Liu, S. H. Lee, N. R. Wray, N. Ji, and Y. Wang. 2013. Polygenic transmission and complex neuro developmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Genome‐wide association study of both common and rare variants. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 162 (5):419–30. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuk, O., S. F. Schaffner, K. Samocha, R. Do, E. Hechter, S. Kathiresan, and E. S. Lander. 2014. Searching for missing heritability: Designing rare variant association studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (4):E455–E464. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322563111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar