Role of proximate determinants in recent and past fertility stalls in Bangladesh

References

• Bangladesh Population Policy (BPP). 2012. Ministry of health and family welfare, government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Accessed May 25, 2015. http://www.mohfw.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=93&lang=en. http://www.mohfw.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=93&lang=en.
   Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 1982. The fertility-inhibiting effects of the intermediate fertility variables. Studies in Family Planning 13 (6/7):179–89. doi:10.2307/1965445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 1993. The supply-demand framework for the determinants of fertility: An alternative implementation. Population Studies 47 (3):437–56. doi:10.1080/0032472031000147236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 2002. The end of the fertility transition in the developed world. Population and Development Review 28 (3):419–43. doi:10.1111/padr.2002.28.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 2003. Completing the fertility transition in the developing world: The role of educational differences and fertility preferences. Population Studies 57 (3):321–35. doi:10.1080/0032472032000137835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 2006. The causes of stalling fertility transitions. Studies in Family Planning 37 (1):1–16. doi:10.1111/sifp.2006.37.issue-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. 2008. Fertility transitions in developing countries: Progress or stagnation? Studies in Family Planning 39 (2):105–10. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00157.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland, J., and M. M. Ali. 2004. Reproductive consequences of contraceptive failure in 19 developing countries. Obstetrics & Gynecology 104 (2):314–20. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000134789.73663.fd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland, J., S. Bernstein, A. Ezeh, A. Faundes, A. Glasier, and J. Innis. 2006. Family planning: The unfinished agenda. The Lancet 368 (9549):1810–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69480-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K., and J. Blake. 1956. Social structure and fertility: An analytic framework. Economic Development and Cultural Change 4 (3):211–35. doi:10.1086/449714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltigani, E. 2003. Stalled fertility decline in Egypt, why? Population and Environment 25 (1):41–59. doi:10.1023/A:1025547622370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeh, A. C., J. Bongaarts, and B. Mberu. 2012. Global population trends and policy options. The Lancet 380 (9837):142–48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60696-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeh, A. C., B. U. Mberu, and J. O. Emina. 2009. Stall in fertility decline in Eastern African countries: Regional analysis of patterns, determinants and implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 364 (1532):2991–3007. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garenne, M. 2009. Situations of fertility stall in sub-Saharan Africa. African Population Studies 23 (2). doi: 10.11564/23-2-319.
   Google Scholar
• Garenne, M. L. 2011. Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys. Population Health Metrics 9:1–8. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-9-59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendell, M. 1985. Stalls in the fertility decline in Costa Rica, Korea, and Sri Lanka. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. SWP693 in Population and Development Series; no.18, The World Bank, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Huq, S., A. A. Rahman, and D. Mallick. 1998. Population and environment in Bangladesh. Paper presented at workshop on Population and environment in Bangladesh of IUCN Bangladesh and Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, Dhaka.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (ILO). 2018. Online statistics and databases on unemployment. Accessed December 5, 2018. http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang–en/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, M. M. 2007. Exploring the causes of recent stalling of fertility in Bangladesh. Paper presented at Fifth African Population Conference on Explanations for Stalled and Persistently High Fertility, Arusha, Tanzania, December 11.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, M. M., M. A. Islam, and N. Chakroborty. 2004. Fertility transition in Bangladesh: Understanding the role of the proximate determinants. Journal of Biosocial Science 36 (3):351–69. doi:10.1017/S0021932003006333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabagenyi, A., A. Reid, G. Rutaremwa, L. M. Atuyambe, and J. P. M. Ntozi. 2015. Has Uganda experienced any stalled fertility transitions? Reflecting on the last four decades (1973–2011). Fertility Research and Practice 1:1–10. doi:10.1186/s40738-015-0006-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan, A. R., and M. Khan. 2010. Population programs in Bangladesh: Problems, prospects and policy issues. Accessed December 5, 2017. http://populationcommunication.com/Medias/Population_Problems_in_Bangladesh_Problem__Prospects_and_Policy_Issues.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Khawaja, M., S. Assaf, and Y. Jarallah. 2009. The transition to lower fertility in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: Evidence from recent surveys. Journal of Population Research 26 (2):153–74. doi:10.1007/s12546-009-9009-2.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S. 2016. The causes of Indonesia’s late fertility transition stall. Paper presented at 81st Annual Meeting of Population Association of America, Washington, DC. April 01.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, P. 2007. Low fertility and policy. Review Report No. 7, Oxford Institute of Ageing, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW). 2016. Family planning and maternal and child health programme in Bangladesh: Resource kit 2016. Dhaka: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and The Bangladesh Knowledge Management Initiative (BKMI), Information, Education and Motivation (IEM) Unit of Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP).
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, S. N., A. Al-Sabir, A. R. Cross, and K. Jamil. 1997. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 1996–1997. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT). Calverton: Mitra and Associates, Dhaka, and Macro International Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Moral, S. 2017. Family planning programme losing importance? The Daily Prothom Alo, June 7. Accessed August 6, 2017. http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/150395/Family-planning-programme-losing-importance.
   Google Scholar
• Moral, S. 2018. Government hiding health information (স্বাস্থ্যের তথ্য লুকাচ্ছে সরকার). Prothom Alo, December 24. Accessed February 23, 2019. https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1571462/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0.
   Google Scholar
• Moultrie, T. A., V. Hosegood, N. McGrath, C. Hill, K. Herbst, and M. Newell. 2008. Refining the criteria for stalled fertility declines: An application to rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 1990–2005. Studies in Family Planning 39 (1):39–48. doi:10.1111/sifp.2008.39.issue-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International. 2016. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014. Rockville: NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, Dhaka, and ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M., J. DaVanzo, and A. Razzaque. 2014. Pregnancy termination in Matlab, Bangladesh: Maternal mortality risks associated with menstrual regulation and abortion. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 40 (3):108–18. doi:10.1363/4010814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein, S. O., and G. Rojas. 2006. Guide to DHS statistics. Demographic and health surveys. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.
   Google Scholar
• Schoumaker, B. 2013. A Stata module for computing fertility rates and TFRs from birth histories: Tfr2. Demographic Research 28 (38):1093–144. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.38.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D., and T. Gebreselassie. 2008. Fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa: Falling and stalling. African Population Studies 23 (1). doi: 10.11564/23-1-310.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, S., A. Hossain, I. M. Zimet, H. U. Bhuiyan, M. Vlassoff, and R. Hussain. 2012. The incidence of menstrual regulation procedures and abortion in Bangladesh, 2010. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38 (3):122–32. doi:10.1363/3812212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell, J. 2011. Contraceptive efficacy. In Contraceptive technology: Twentieth revised edition, ed. R. A. Hatcher, J. Trussell, A. L. Nelson, W. Cates, D. Kowal, and M. Policar, 779–863. New York, NY: Ardent Media.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UNs). 1999. World population prospects: The 1998 revision, Volume I: Comprehensive tables. New York, NY: Population Division, UNs.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UNs). 2006. World population prospects: The 2004 revision, Volume II: Analytical report. New York, NY: Population Division, UNs.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UNs). 2011. World population prospects: The 2010 revision. New York, NY: Population Division, UNs.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UNs). 2015. World population prospects: The 2015 revision, Volume II: Demographic profiles. New York, NY: Population Division, UNs.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UNs). 2017. World population prospects: The 2017 revision, custom data acquired via website. Accessed April 29, 2017. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2017. PAPP101 - S05: Proximate determinants of fertility. Accessed May 16 2017. http://papp.iussp.org/sessions/papp101_s05/PAPP101_s05_030_010.html.
   Google Scholar
• United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 2019. Who we are. Accessed June 12, 2019. https://www.dhsprogram.com/Who-We-Are/About-Us.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Kaa, D. J. 1987. Europe’s second demographic transition. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Vithayathil, T. 2013. Pathways to low fertility in India: Comparison across states and a detailed look at Kerala. Asian Population Studies 9 (3):301–21. doi:10.1080/17441730.2013.824184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Y. Chen, C. H. C. Chen, R. W. Rochat, L. P. Chow, and R. V. Rider. 1987. Proximate determinants of fertility and policy implications in Beijing. Studies in Family Planning 18 (4):222–28. doi:10.2307/1966873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoff, C. F. 2008. A new approach to estimating abortion rates. DHS Analytical Study No. 13. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Westoff, C. F., and A. R. Cross. 2006. The stall in the fertility transition in Kenya. DHS Analytical Study No. 9. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. 2016. The World Bank open data. Accessed April 11, 2016. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.SRF.TOTL.K2.
   Google Scholar
• World Population Policies Database (WPPD). 2015. Population division, United Nations. Accessed December 10, 2015. http://esa.un.org/poppolicy/cprofile.aspx?MainMenu&Type=Variables.
   Google Scholar