Sociocultural determinants of health and wealth in historic African Americans

References

• Alba, R. D. 1990. Ethnic identity: The transformation of White America. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, E. H. 2014. Socioeconomic status, definition. In The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society, ed. W. C. Cockerham, R. Dingwall, and S. Quah, 2210–14. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, D. J. 1995. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. British Medical Journal 311 (6998):171–74. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, D. J., and C. Osmond. 1986. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. The Lancet 327 (8489):1077–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91340-1.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, D. J., K. M. Godfrey, P. D. Gluckman, J. E. Harding, J. A. Owens, and J. S. Robinson. 1993. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. The Lancet 341 (8850):938–41. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-A.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, A. 1996. Black Texans: A history of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benn Torres, J. 2020. Anthropological perspectives on genomic data, genetic ancestry, and race. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 171:74–86. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23979.
   Google Scholar
• Blakey, M. L. 1999. Scientific racism and the biological concept of race. Literature and Psychology 45 (1/2):29.
   Google Scholar
• Bodenhorn, H. 2006. Colorism, complexion homogamy, and household wealth: Some historical evidence. American Economic Review 96 (2):256–60. doi:10.1257/000282806777211883.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. 2010. Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. M., and E. Fee. 2006. Report on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia. American Journal of Public Health 96 (12):2102–05. doi:10.2105/AJPH.96.12.2102.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. 2001. Born in slavery: Slave narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936–1938. Missouri Narratives 10:61.
   Google Scholar
• Buikstra, J. E., S. R. Frankenberg, and L. W. Konigsberg. 1990. Skeletal biological distance studies in American Physical Anthropology: Recent trends. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82 (1):1–7. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330820102.
   Google Scholar
• Burnston, S. A., and Thomas, R. A. (1981). Archaeological data recovery at Catoctin Furnace cemetery, Frederick County, Maryland. Newark, DE.
   Google Scholar
• Calvin, R., K. Winters, S. B. Wyatt, D. R. Williams, F. C. Henderson, and E. R. Walker. 2003. Racism and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 325 (6):315–31. doi:10.1097/00000441-200306000-00003.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, J. W., Jr., and R. J. David. 2009. Racial disparity in low birth weight and infant mortality. Clinics in Perinatology 36 (1):63–73. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2008.09.004.
   Google Scholar
• Condon, C. G., J. L. Becker, H. J. H. Edgar, J. M. Davidson, J. R. Hoffman, P. Kalima, D. Kysar, S. Moorehead, V. M. Owens, and K. Condon. 1998. Freedman’s cemetery: Site 41DL316, Dallas, Texas, assessments of sex, age-at death, stature, and date of interment for excavated burials. In Archaeology studies program, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Report No. 9. Austin: Archaeology Studies Program, Environmental Affairs Division, Texas Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, P. D. 1969. The Atlantic slave trade: Acensus. Madison, Wis. [u.a.]: Univ. of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. M. 2004a. Living symbols of their lifelong struggles. In Search of the home and household in the heart of Freedman’s Town, Dallas, Texas, ed. K. S. Barile, and J. C. Brandon, 75–108. Household chores and household choices. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. M. (2004b). Mediating race and class through the death experience: Power relations and resistance strategies of an African-American Community, Dallas, Texas (1869–1907). Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. M. 2007. “Resurrection Men” in Dallas: The illegal use of Black bodies as medical cadavers (1900–1907). International Journal of Historical Archaeology 11 (3):193–220. doi:10.1007/s10761-007-0029-3.
   Google Scholar
• de la Cova, C. 2011. Race, health, and disease in 19th-century-born males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144 (4):526–37. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21434.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, M., L. M. Ramirez, K. Adhikari, M. Fuentes-Guajardo, C. Zanolli, R. Gonzalez-Jose, A. Ruiz-Linares, M.-C. Bortolini, G. Poletti, and C. Gallo. 2018. Variation in dental morphology and inference of continental ancestry in admixed Latin Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168 (3):438–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23756.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2017. Critical race theory: An introduction, Vol. 20. New York and London: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dressler, W. W., K. S. Oths, and C. C. Gravlee. 2005. Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (1):231–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, H. J. H. (2002). Biological distance and the African American dentition. Ph.D. Diss., The Ohio State University, Columbus.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, H. J. H. 2005. Prediction of race using characteristics of dental morphology. Journal of Forensic Sciences 50 (2):269–73. doi:10.1520/JFS2004261.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, H. J. H., and K. L. Hunley. 2009. Race reconciled?: How biological anthropologists view human variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139 (1):1–4. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20995.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, M., and S. M. Wilson. 2020. A bioarchaeological study of African American health and mortality in the post-emancipation U.S. South. American Antiquity 85 (4):652–675. doi:10.1017/aaq.2020.58.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, H. W., L. Wu, M. B. Bracken, K. Semenya, J. Thomas, and J. Thomas. 2005. Intergenerational effects of high socioeconomic status on low birthweight and preterm birth in African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association 92 (5):213–21.
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes, A., R. R. Ackermann, S. Athreya, D. Bolnick, T. Lasisi, S. H. Lee, R. Nelson, and R. Nelson. 2019. AAPA statement on race and racism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 169 (3):400–02. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23882.
   Google Scholar
• Glymour, M. M., M. Avendano, and I. Kawachi. 2014. Socioeconomic status and health. In Social epidemiology, ed. L. F. Berkman, I. Kawachi, and M. M. Glymour, Vol. 2, 17–62. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gravlee, C. C. 2009. How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139 (1):47–57. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20983.
   Google Scholar
• Gravlee, C. C., A. L. Non, and C. J. Mulligan. 2009. Genetic ancestry, social classification, and racial inequalities in blood pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico. PLoS ONE 4 (9):e6821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006821.
   Google Scholar
• Green, T. L., and T. G. Hamilton. 2013. Beyond Black and White: Color and mortality in post-Reconstruction era North Carolina. Explorations in Economic History 50 (1):148–59. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2012.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. R., and J. J. Sim. 2002. Who is multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review 67:614–27. doi:10.2307/3088948.
   Google Scholar
• Hefner, J. T., M. A. Pilloud, J. E. Buikstra, and C. C. M. Vogelsberg. 2016. A brief history of biological distance analysis. In Biological distance analysis, ed. M. A. Pilloud and J. T. Hefner, 3–22. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, M., and G. D. Saxon. 1992. The WPA Dallas guide and history. Denton and Dallas: University of North Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., and B. R. Hertel. 1990. The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces 68 (4):1105–20. doi:10.1093/sf/68.4.1105.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. P. 2000. Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health 90 (8):1212.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, W. D. 2012. White over Black: American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812. 2nd ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kittles, R. A., and K. M. Weiss. 2003. Race, ancestry, and genes: Implications for defining disease risk. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 4 (1):33–67. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110356.
   Google Scholar
• Klaus, H. D. 2012. The bioarchaeology of structural violence: A theoretical model and case study. In The bioarchaeology of violence, ed. D. L. Martin, R. P. Harrod, and V. R. Perez, 29–62. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, N. 2010. The science and epidemiology of racism and health: Racial/ethnic categories, biological expressions of racism, and the embodiment of inequality—An ecosocial perspective. In What’s the use of race?, 225–55. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, N., P. D. Waterman, A. Kosheleva, J. T. Chen, K. W. Smith, D. R. Carney, E. R. Freeman, D. R. Williams, G. Thornhill, and E. R. Freeman. 2013. Racial discrimination & cardiovascular disease risk: My body my story study of 1005 US-born Black and White community health center participants (US). PLoS ONE 8 (10):e77174. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077174.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberson, S., and M. C. Waters. 1993. The ethnic responses of Whites: What causes their instability, simplification, and inconsistency? Social Forces 72 (2):421–50. doi:10.2307/2579855.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., and J. Phelan. 1995. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35:80–94. doi:10.2307/2626958.
   Google Scholar
• Lovejoy, C. O., R. S. Meindl, T. R. Pryzbeck, and R. P. Mensforth. 1985. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68 (1):15–28. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330680103.
   Google Scholar
• Margo, R. A. 1992. Civilian occupations of Ex- Slaves in the Union Army, 1862–1865. In Without consent or contract: Markets and production: Technical papers, volume I, ed. R. W. Fogel, and S. L. Engerman, 170–85. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, J. 1996. Science and race. American Behavioral Scientist 40 (2):123–33. doi:10.1177/0002764296040002003.
   Google Scholar
• Martinon-Torres, M., J. M. Bermudez de Castro, A. Gomez-Robles, J. L. Arsuaga, E. Carbonell, D. Lordkipanidze, G. Manzi, and A. Margvelashvili. 2007. Dental evidence on the hominin dispersals during the pleistocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (33):13279–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706152104.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, P. L. 2004. Annual income, hourly wages, and identity among Mexican-Americans and Other Latinos. Industrial Relations 43 (4):817–34.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, W. L. 1978. Dallas rediscovered: A photographic chronicle of urban expansion 1870–1925. Dallas, TX: Dallas Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• McKern, T. W., and T. D. Stewart (1957). Skeletal changes in young American males. Analyzed from the standpoint of age identification. Environmental Protection Research Division (US Army Quartermaster Research and Development Command), Technical Report EP-45, Natick, US Army.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, A. (2019). Trends in health, stress, and migration in the pre-contact Southwest United States. Ph.D. Diss., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, A., and C. S. Ragsdale. 2017. Biological distance analysis and the fate of the Gallina in the American Southwest. KIVA 83 (4):515–31.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, L., J. V. Meyer, and C. S. Ragsdale. 2020. Trade relationships and gene flow at Pottery Mound Pueblo, New Mexico. American Antiquity 85 (3):492–515. doi:10.1017/aaq.2020.12.
   Google Scholar
• Okumura, M. 2011. The end of slavery: Disease patterns and cultural behaviours of African Americans in Suriname. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21 (6):631–42. doi:10.1002/oa.1170.
   Google Scholar
• OLD. 2017, October. Oxford Living Dictionaries: English. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/migration
   Google Scholar
• Pietrusewsky, M. 2014. Biological distance in bioarchaeology and human osteology. In Encyclopedia of global archaeology, 889–902, ed. C. Smith. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pilloud, M. A., and C. S. Larsen. 2011. “Official” and “practical” kin: Inferring social and community structure from dental phenotype at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145 (4):519–30. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21520.
   Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, T. E., J. M. Lepkowski, J. Van Hoewyk, and P. Solenberger. 2001. A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey Methodology 27 (1):85–96.
   Google Scholar
• Rathbun, T., and R. H. Steckel. 2005. The health of slaves and free Blacks in the East. In The backbone of history: Health and nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, ed. R. H. Steckel and J. C. Rose, 208–25. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J. C. (1985). Gone to a better land: A biohistory of a rural Black cemetery in the post-reconstruction South. Arkansas Archeological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1978). Multiple imputations in sample surveys – A phenomenological Bayesian approach to nonresponse. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the survey research methods section of the American Statistical Association, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Sayad, S. 2017. Linear Discriminant Analysis. http://www.saedsayad.com/lda.htm
   Google Scholar
• Schell, L. M. 1997. Culture as a stressor: A revised model of biocultural interaction. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102:67–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1<67::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-A.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, G. R., and C. G. Turner. 2000. The anthropology of modern human teeth: Dental morphology and its variation in recent human populations. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, G. R., C. G. Turner, G. C. Townsend, and M. Martinón-Torres. 2018. The anthropology of modern human teeth: Dental morphology and its variation in recent human populations. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, J. 1981. Time of hope, time of despair: Black Texans during Reconstruction. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stojanowski, C. M., and M. A. Schillaci. 2006. Phenotypic approaches for understanding patterns of intracemetery biological variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131 (S43):49–88. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20517.
   Google Scholar
• Turkel, S. 2005. Heroes of the American Reconstruction: Profiles of sixteen educators, politicians and activists. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Van Arsdale, A. P. 2019. Population demography, ancestry, and the biological concept of race. Annual Review of Anthropology 48 (1):227–41. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011154.
   Google Scholar
• Vaupel, J. W., K. G. Manton, and E. Stallard. 1979. The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality. Demography 16 (3):439–54. doi:10.2307/2061224.
   Google Scholar
• Viglione, J., L. Hannon, and R. DeFina. 2011. The impact of light skin on prison time for black female offenders. The Social Science Journal 48 (1):250–58. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2010.08.003.
   Google Scholar
• Waitzkin, H. 1981. The social origins of illness: A neglected history. International Journal of Health Services 2 (1):77–103. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2190/5CDV-P4FE-Y6HN-JACD?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed
   Google Scholar
• White, K. M. 2015. The salience of skin tone: Effects on the exercise of police enforcement authority. Ethnic and Racial Studies 38 (6):993–1010. doi:10.1080/01419870.2014.952752.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. W., G. R. Milner, H. C. Harpending, and K. M. Weiss. 1992. The Osteological Paradox: Problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples. Current Anthropology 33 (4):343–70. doi:10.1086/204084.
   Google Scholar