The LT1 and LT2 variants of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) heat-labile toxin (LT) are associated with major ETEC lineages

References

• Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 2013; 382:209-22; PMID:23680352; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodas C, Klena JD, Nicklasson M, Iniguez V, Sjoling A. Clonal relatedness of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains expressing LT and CS17 isolated from children with diarrhoea in La Paz, Bolivia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18313; PMID:22140423; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Begum YA, Baby NI, Faruque AS, Jahan N, Cravioto A, Svennerholm AM, Qadri F. Shift in phenotypic characteristics of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3031; PMID:25032802; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaastra W, Svennerholm AM. Colonization factors of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Trends Microbiol 1996; 4:444-52; PMID:8950814; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-842X(96)10068-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudrak B, Kuehn MJ. Heat-labile enterotoxin: beyond G(m1) binding. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1445-70; PMID:22069646; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins2061445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears CL, Kaper JB. Enteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60:167-215; PMID:8852900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lasaro MA, Rodrigues JF, Mathias-Santos C, Guth BE, Balan A, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Ferreira LC. Genetic diversity of heat-labile toxin expressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:2400-10; PMID:18223074; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00988-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mentzer A, Connor TR, Wieler LH, Semmler T, Iguchi A, Thomson NR, Rasko DA, Joffre E, Corander J, Pickard D, et al. Identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) clades with long-term global distribution. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1321-6; PMID:25383970; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffre E, von Mentzer A, Abd El Ghany M, Oezguen N, Savidge T, Dougan G, Svennerholm AM, Sjoling A. Allele variants of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin are globally transmitted and associated with colonization factors. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:392-403; PMID:25404692; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.02050-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco AB, Guth BE, Soares KC, Nishimura L, de Almeida DF, Ferreira LC. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA reveals serotype-specific clonal clusters among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1521-5; PMID:9163473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco AB, Soares KC, de Almeida DF, Viboud GI, Binsztein N, Ferreira LC. Clonal nature of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotype O6:H16 revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2099-102; PMID:9650973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklasson M, Klena J, Rodas C, Bourgeois AL, Torres O, Svennerholm AM, Sjoling A. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli multilocus sequence types in Guatemala and Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:143-6; PMID:20031063; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1601.090979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinsland H, Lacher DW, Sommerfelt H, Whittam TS. Ancestral lineages of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2916-24; PMID:20534806; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02432-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasaro MA, Mathias-Santos C, Rodrigues JF, Ferreira LC. Functional and immunological characterization of a natural polymorphic variant of a heat-labile toxin (LT-I) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009; 55:93-9; PMID:19076225; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00506.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isidean SD, Riddle MS, Savarino SJ, Porter CK. A systematic review of ETEC epidemiology focusing on colonization factor and toxin expression. Vaccine 2011; 29:6167-78; PMID:21723899; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadri F, Svennerholm AM, Faruque AS, Sack RB. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:465-83; PMID:16020685; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.3.465-483.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svennerholm A-M, Lundgren A. Recent progress toward an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine. Expert Review of Vaccines 2012; 11:495-507; PMID:22551034; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales L, Ali ZB, Nygren E, Wang Z, Karlsson S, Zhu B, Quiding-Jarbrink M, Sjoling A. Alkaline pH Is a signal for optimal production and secretion of the heat labile toxin, LT in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74069; PMID:24058516; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haycocks JRJ, Sharma P, Stringer AM, Wade JT, Grainger DC. The Molecular Basis for Control of ETEC Enterotoxin Expression in Response to Environment and Host. PLoS Pathogens 2015; 11:e1004605; PMID:25569153; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodero MD, Munson GP. Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein-Dependent Repression of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin. Infection and Immunity 2009; 77:791-8; PMID:19075028; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00928-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijemanne P, Moxley RA. Glucose significantly enhances enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adherence to intestinal epithelial cells through its effects on heat-labile enterotoxin production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113230; PMID:25409235; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lasaro MAS, Rodrigues JF, Mathias-Santos C, Guth BEC, Régua-Mangia A, Ferreira AJP, Takagi M, Cabrera-Crespo J, Sbrogio-Almeida ME, Ferreira LCdS. Production and release of heat-labile toxin by wild-type human-derived enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006; 48:123-31; PMID:16965360; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00134.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rocha LB, Ozaki CY, Horton DS, Menezes CA, Silva A, Fernandes I, Magnoli FC, Vaz TM, Guth BE, Piazza RM. Different assay conditions for detecting the production and release of heat-labile and heat-stable toxins in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2384-402; PMID:24316604; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5122384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst TR, Hardy SJ, Randall LL. Assembly in vivo of enterotoxin from Escherichia coli: formation of the B subunit oligomer. J Bacteriol 1983; 153:21-6; PMID:6336733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadri F, Das SK, Faruque AS, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Svennerholm AM. Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:27-31; PMID:10618058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh KH, Kim DW, Jung SM, Cho SH. Molecular characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheal patients in Korea during 2003-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96896; PMID:24841334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansour A, Shaheen HI, Amine M, Hassan K, Sanders JW, Riddle MS, Armstrong AW, Svennerholm AM, Sebeny PJ, Klena JD, et al. Pathogenicity and phenotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from a birth cohort of children in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:587-91; PMID:24478492; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01639-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar