References
- Abrami, R. (2014). Why China can’t innovate. Harvard Business Review, (March Issue), 107–111. https://hbr.org/2014/03/why-china-cant-innovate
- Acemoglu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. (2019). Democracy does cause growth. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/700936
- Aminullah, E., & Adnan, R. S. (2012). The role of academia as an external resource of innovation for the automotive industry in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 20(sup1), 99–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2012.683946
- Arundel, A., & Huber, D. (2013). From too little to too much innovation? Issues in measuring innovation in the public sector. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, 146–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2013.06.009
- Asif, M., et al. (2018). Fluctuations in political risk indicators and their impact on FDI inflow in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 26(3), 269–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2018.1547115
- Baum, M., & Lake, D. A. (2003). The political economy of growth: Democracy and human capital. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 333–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00023
- Bell, A., et al. (2019). Who becomes an inventor in America? The importance of exposure to innovation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(2), 647–713. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028
- Bentley, P. (2015). Cross-country differences in publishing productivity of academics in research universities. Scientometrics, 102(1), 865–883. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1430-4
- Bernhard, M., et al. (2001). Economic performance, institutional Intermediation, and democratic survival. Journal of Politics, 63(3), 775–803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00087
- Boese, V. (2019). How (not) to measure democracy). International Area Studies Review, 22(2), 95–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865918815571
- Boix, C., et al. (2013). A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007. Comparative Political Studies, 46(12), 1523–1554. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463905
- Botkin, J., et al. (1979). Bridging the human gap. Pergamon Press.
- Bowers, J., & Paul, T. (2019). Better government, better science. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 521–542. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-124041
- Bühlmann, M., et al. (2012). The democracy Barometer: A new instrument to measure the quality of democracy and its potential for comparative research. European Political Science, 11(4), 519–536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2011.46
- Cao, C., et al. (2019). Returning scientists and the emergence of China’s science system. Science and Public Policy, forthcoming: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz056
- Carlino, G. (2001). Knowledge spillovers: Cities’ role in the new economy. Business Review Q, 4, 17–26. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fip:fedpbr:y:2001:i:q4:p:17-26
- Cheibub, J., et al. (2010). Democracy and dictatorship revisited. Public Choice, 143(1–2), 67–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2
- Coppedge, M. (2008). Two persistent dimensions of democracy: Contestation and inclusiveness. Journal of Politics, 70(3), 335–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080663
- Coppedge, M., et al. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: A new approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(2), 247–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711000880
- Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale University Press.
- Dahl, R., et al. (2003). The democracy sourcebook. MIT Press.
- Das, J., et al. (2013). U.S. And them: The Geography of academic research. Journal of Development Economics, 105, 112–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.07.010
- De Vries, H., et al. (2016). Innovation in the public Sector: A systematic review and research agenda. Public Administration, 94(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12209
- Drezner, D. (2002). State structure, technological Leadership and the maintenance of Hegemony. Review of International Studies, 27(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210501000031
- Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2010). Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat. Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved January 25, 2011. http://www.eiu.com/public/democracy_index.aspx
- Emre Cinar, P. T., & Simms, C. (2019). A systematic review of barriers to public sector innovation process. Public Management Review, 21(2), 264–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1473477
- Enders, C. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. The Guilford Press.
- Frost, J. (2019). Standard error of the regression vs. R-squared. Making statistics intuitive, https://statisticsbyjim.com/regression/standard-error-regression-vs-r-squared/
- Ganguli, I. (2015). Immigration and ideas: What did Russian scientists ‘bring’ to the United States? Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1), S257–S288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/679741
- Giannone, D. (2010). Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: The Freedom House case. Democratization, 17(1), 68–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340903453716
- Gibbon, E. (1952). The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. In R. M. Hutchings & M. J. Adler (Eds.), Great books of the western world (Vol. 41, pp. 578–599). Encyclopedia Britannica.
- Granovetter, M. (1973, May). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
- Greitens, S., & Truex, R. (2019). Repressive experiences in the China field: New evidence from survey data. The China Quarterly, 242(June), 349–375. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C1CB08324457ED90199C274CDC153127/S0305741019000365a.pdf/repressive_experiences_among_china_scholars_new_evidence_from_survey_data.pdf
- Halperin, M., et al. (2005). The democracy advantage: How democracies promote prosperity and Peace. Routledge.
- Helms, L. (2016). Democracy and innovation: From institutions to agency and leadership. Democratization, 23(3), 459–477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2014.981667
- Iaria, A., et al. (2018, May). Frontier knowledge and scientific production. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(2), 927–991. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx046
- Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge University Press.
- Jaffe, A. (1989). Real effects of academic research. American Economic Review, 79, 957–970. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831431
- Jaggers, K., & Gurr, T. R. (1995). Tracking democracy’s third wave with the Polity III data. Journal of Peace Research, 32(4), 469–482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343395032004007
- Jin, J., & Jin, L. (2013). Research publications and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country regressions. Applied Economics, 45(8), 983–990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.613785
- Kandel, E. (2012). The age of insight: The quest to understand the unconscious in art, mind, and brain, from Vienna 1900 to the present. Random House.
- Karran, T. (2009). Academic freedom: In justification of a universal ideal. Studies in Higher Education, 34(3), 263–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802597036
- Kaufmann, D., et al. (2009). Governance matters VIII. World Bank. Policy Research Working Paper 4978.
- Kealey, T. (1996). The economic laws of scientific research. St. Martin’s Press.
- King, D. (2004). The scientific impact of nations. What different countries get for their research spending. Nature, 430(6997), 311–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/430311a
- Kneller, R. (2007). Bridging Islands: Venture companies and the future of Japanese and American industry. Oxford University Press.
- Knutsen, C. (2015). Why democracies outgrow autocracies in the long run: Civil liberties, information flows, and technological change. Kyklos, 68(3), 357–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12087
- Lapuente, V., & Fernandez-Carro, R. (2008, Dec). Political regimes, bureaucracy, and scientific productivity. Politics and Policy, 36(6), 1006–1043. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00148.x
- Lee, L.-C., et al. (2011). Research output and economic productivity: A Granger causality test. Scientometrics, 89(2), 465–478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0476-9
- Lee, R., et al. (2015). introduction to the special issue on innovation in and from emerging economies. Industrial Marketing Management, 50, 16–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.07.005
- López-Claros, A., & Mata, Y. (2011). Innovation Capacity Index: Factors, policies, and institutions driving country innovation. Palgrave Macmillan: Innovation for Development Report 2009–2010: 3–65.
- Mañana-Rodríguez, J. (2015, October). A critical review of SCImago journal & country rank. Research Evaluation, 24(4), 343–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvu024
- Mansfield, E. (1998). Academic research and industrial innovation: An update of empirical findings. Research Policy, 26(7-8), 773–776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00043-7
- Marshall, M., et al. (2018). The Polity IV project: Dataset users’ manual. Center for Systematic Peace, retrieved online on July 23 2019 from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2017.pdf
- Meissner, D., et al. (2017). Towards a broad understanding of innovation and its importance for innovation policy. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1184–1211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9485-4
- Meo, S. (2013). Impact of GDP, spending on R&D, number of universities and scientific journals on research publications in pharmacological sciences in Middle East. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17, 2697–2705. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174349/
- Mokyr, J. (1990). The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic Progress. Oxford University Press.
- Moser, P., et al. (2014). German Jewish Émigrés and US invention. American Economic Review, 104(10), 3222–3255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.10.3222
- Munck, G., & Verkuilen, J. (2002). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001041400203500101
- Murray, C. (2003). Human accomplishment: The pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences, 800 B.B. To 1950. Harper Collins.
- Nathan, A. (2003). Authoritarian resilience. Journal of Democracy, 14(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2003.0019
- North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
- O’Donnell, G. (2005). Why the rule of law matters. In L. Diamond & L. Morlino (Eds.), Assessing the quality of democracy (pp. 3–17). Johns Hopkins Press.
- OECD. (2014). Correlation between Index of Democracy and GDP per capita, 1820s-2000s. In How Was life? Global well-being since 1820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-graph66-en.
- Pemstein, D., et al. (2010). Democratic Compromise: A Latent variable analysis of ten measures of regime type. Political Analysis, 18(4), 426–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq020
- Pianta, M. (2005). Innovation and employment. In J. Fagerberg & D. C. Mowery (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of innovation (pp. 496–521). Oxford University Press.
- Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market. Cambridge University Press.
- Przeworski, A., et al. (2000). Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. Cambridge University Press.
- Richardson, A., et al. (2016). Radical and incremental innovation and the role of University Scientist essays in public sector entrepreneurship. Springer.
- Rød, E., et al. (2019). The determinants of democracy: A sensitivity analysis. Public Choice, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00742-z
- The Scholars at Risk. (2015). Free to think: Report of the scholars at risk academic freedom monitoring project. Retrieved online at 22 Dec 2019 from https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Free-to-Think-2015.pdf
- Schreiber, M. (2008). An empirical investigation of the g-index for 26 physicists in comparison with the h-index, the A-index, and the R-index. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(9), 1513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20856
- Schumpeter, J. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Routledge.
- Serafinelli, M., & Tabellini, G. (2017). Creativity over time and space. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12365: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3053893.
- Siegle, J., et al. (2004). Why democracies excel. Foreign Affairs, 83(5), 57–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/20034067
- Skaaning, S.-E., et al. (2015). A Lexical Index of electoral democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 48(12), 1491–1525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015581050
- Spencer, J., et al. (2005). How governments matter to new industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 321–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.16387889
- Stiftung, B. (2017). Bertelsmann Transformation Index: Towards democracy and a market economy. Brookings Institution Press.
- Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of democracy: Explaining regime change in the world, 1972–2006. Cambridge University Press.
- Treisman, D. (2011). Twenty years of political transition. In G. Roland (Ed.), Economies in transition: The long-run view (pp. 109–133). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Van de Ven, A. (1986). Central problems in the management of innovation. Management Science, 32(5), 590–607. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.590
- Vanhanen, T. (2000). A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810–1998. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2), 251–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343300037002008
- Vinkler, P. (2008). Correlation between the structure of scientific research, scientometric indicators and GDP in EU and non-EU countries. Scientometrics, 74(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-0215-z
- Waldinger, F. (2012, Apr). Peer effects in science: Evidence from the dismissal of scientists in Nazi Germany. The Review of Economic Studies, 79(2), 838–861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdr029
- Waldinger, F. (2016, December). Bombs, brains, and science. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(5), 811–831. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00565
- Xie, Q., & Freeman, R. (2019). Bigger than you thought. China & World Economy, 27(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12265
- Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2000). Intelligence and personality. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 581–610). Cambridge University Press.