Preliminary findings on the correlation of saliva pH, buffering capacity, flow rate and consistency in relation to waterpipe tobacco smoking

References

• Pandey P, Reddy NV, Rao VA, et al. Estimation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries severity, age and gender. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(Suppl:1):1–7. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Islas-Granillo H, Borges-Yanez SA, Medina-Solis CE, et al. Salivary parameters (salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity) in stimulated saliva of Mexican elders 60 years old and older. West Indian Med J. 2014;63(7):758–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Sharma A, Sood PB, et al. Saliva as a prediction tool for dental caries: an in vivo study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2015;5(2):59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J. 1992;172(8):305–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitasako Y, Burrow MF, Stacey M, et al. Comparative analysis of three commercial saliva testing kits with a standard saliva buffering test. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(2):140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritsuka M, Kitasako Y, Burrow MF, et al. The pH change after HCl titration into resting and stimulated saliva for a buffering capacity test. Aust Dent J. 2006;51(2):170–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen MJ, Jensen AF, Madsen DM, et al. Individual variations of pH, buffer capacity, and concentrations of calcium and phosphate in unstimulated whole saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 1999;44(2):111–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messer LB. Assessing caries risk in children. Aust Dent J. 2000;45(1):10–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seichter U. Root surface caries: a critical literature review. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;115(2):305–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golpasand Hagh L, Zakavi F, Ansarifar S, et al. Association of dental caries and salivary sIgA with tobacco smoking. Aust Dent J. 2013;58(2):219–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenkein HA, Gunsolley JC, Koertge TE, et al. Smoking and its effects on early-onset periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126(8):1107–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edman K, Öhrn K, Nordström B, et al. Prevalence of dental caries and influencing factors, time trends over a 30-year period in an adult population. Epidemiological studies between 1983 and 2013 in the county of Dalarna, Sweden. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(5):385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakonieczna-Rudnicka M, Bachanek T. Selected risk factors for diseases of hard tooth tissues in tobacco smokers-preliminary study. Przegl Lek. 2012;69(10):756–759.
   Google Scholar
• Grover N, Sharma J, Sengupta S, et al. Long-term effect of tobacco on unstimulated salivary pH. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2016;20(1):16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Rad M, Kakoie S, Niliye Brojeni F, et al. Effect of long-term smoking on whole-mouth salivary flow rate and oral health. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2010;4(4):110–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wikner S, Soder PO. Factors associated with salivary buffering capacity in young adults in Stockholm, Sweden. Scand J Dent Res. 1994;102(1):50–53.
   Google Scholar
• Sah K, Grover N, Chandra S, et al. Long-term effect of tobacco on resting whole mouth salivary flow rate and pH: an institutional based comparative study. European J Gen Dent. 2013;2(3):296.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Saad H. The narghile and its effects on health. Part I: the narghile, general description and properties. Rev Pneumol Clin. 2009;65(6):369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akl EA, Gunukula SK, Aleem S, et al. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advisory note: waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions for regulators - 2nd edition. [ cited 2016 Dec 20]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/161991/1/9789241508469_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Morton J, Song Y, Fouad H, et al. Cross country comparison of waterpipe use: nationally representative data from 13 low and middle-income countries from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Tob Control. 2014;23:419–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senkubuge F, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Louwagie GM, et al. Water pipe and smokeless tobacco use among medical students in South Africa. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14:755–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amrock SM, Gordon T, Zelikoff JT, et al. Hookah use among adolescents in the United States: results of a national survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawad M, Abass J, Hariri A, et al. Waterpipe smoking: prevalence and attitudes among medical students in London. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:137–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khemiss M, Rouatbi S, Berrezouga L, et al. Critical analysis of the published literature about the effects of narghile use on oral health. Libyan J Med. 2015;10:30001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khemiss M, Ben Saad H. Clinical and radiographic periodontal status of exclusive narghile smokers: some sources of confusion. J Periodontol. 2016;87:11.
   Google Scholar
• Khemiss M, Rouatbi S, Berrezouga L, et al. Oral health effects associated with narghile use. Tunis Med. 2016;94(7):401–411.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Saad H. The narghile and its effects on health. Part II: the effects of the narghile on health. Rev Pneumol Clin. 2010;66(2):132–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khemiss M, Ben Khelifa M, Ben Rejeb M, et al. Periodontal bone height of exclusive narghile smokers compared with exclusive cigarette smokers. Libyan J Med. 2016;11:31689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang M, Ragan BG, Park JH. Issues in outcomes research: an overview of randomization techniques for clinical trials. J Athl Train. 2008;43(2):215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritsuka M, Kitasako Y, Burrow MF, et al. Quantitative assessment for stimulated saliva flow rate and buffering capacity in relation to different ages. J Dent. 2006;34(9):716–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein H, Palmer CE, Knutson JW. Studies on dental caries: I. Dental status and dental needs of elementary school children. Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 1938;53(19):751.
   Google Scholar
• Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Ii. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bibars AR, Obeidat SR, Khader Y, et al. The effect of waterpipe smoking on periodontal health. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13(3):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Moreno G, Guardia J, Aguilar-Salvatierra A, et al. Effectiveness of malic acid 1% in patients with xerostomia induced by antihypertensive drugs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(1):e49–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navazesh M, Christensen C, Brightman V. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of salivary gland hypofunction. J Dent Res. 1992;71(7):1363–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoll-Palomares C, Munoz Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, et al. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004;96(11):773–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narhi TO, Kurki N, Saliva AA. salivary micro-organisms, and oral health in the home-dwelling old elderly-a five-year longitudinal study. J Dent Res. 1999;78(10):1640–1646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Rejeb M, Abroug H, Khefacha-Aissa S, et al. Smoking behavior, knowledge, and attitudes towards anti-smoking regulations of nursing students in Sousse, Tunisia. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2016;64(2):121–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazakov VN, Udod AA, Zinkovych II, et al. Dynamic surface tension of saliva: general relationships and application in medical diagnostics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2009;74(2):457–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitra S, Shyamala Devi CS. Effects of radiation and alpha-tocopherol on saliva flow rate, amylase activity, total protein and electrolyte levels in oral cavity cancer. Indian J Dent Res. 2008;19(3):213–218.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;85(2):162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Aryeh H, Fisher M, Szargel R, et al. Composition of whole unstimulated saliva of healthy children: changes with age. Arch Oral Biol. 1990;35(11):929–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Saliva DY. a potential media for disease diagnostics and monitoring. Oral Oncol. 2012;48(7):569–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foglio-Bonda A, Pattarino F, Foglio-Bonda PL. Kinematic viscosity of unstimulated whole saliva in healthy young adults. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(20):2988–2994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Zhou Y, Zhu YH, et al. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary characteristics of 12-13-year-old schoolchildren with and without dental erosion. Arch Oral Biol. 2011;56(11):1328–1332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittings S, Turnbull N, Henry B, et al. Characterisation of human saliva as a platform for oral dissolution medium development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;91:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericson D, Bratthall D. Simplified method to estimate salivary buffer capacity. Scand J Dent Res. 1989;97(5):405–407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira-Nobilo Nde P, Tabchoury CP, Sousa Mda L, et al. Knowledge of dental caries and salivary factors related to the disease: influence of the teaching-learning process. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29(1):1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson Y, Hardwick L. Individual diagnosis, prognosis and counselling for caries prevention. Caries Res. 1978;12(Suppl:1):94–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel ID, Wotman S. The salivary secretions in health and disease. Oral Sci Rev. 1976;8:25–47.
   Google Scholar
• Haward SJ, Odell JA, Berry M, et al. Extensional rheology of human saliva. Rheologica Acta. 2011;50(11–12):869–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel ES, Ribbeck K. Salivary mucins protect surfaces from colonization by cariogenic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(1):332–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar